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Marcel Frey

Counsel

Position: Counsel
Practice Areas: Dispute Resolution , Private Clients , White Collar Crimes & Investigations
Fachgebiete-Anzeige: Dispute Resolution Team , Private Clients Team , White Collar Crimes & Investigations Team

Marcel Frey ist Mitglied der Dispute Resolution und Private Clients Teams. Er vertritt Schweizer und ausländische Klienten in Gerichtsverfahren und vor Schiedsgerichten. Seine Arbeit umfasst auch die Beratung von Privatklägern bei der Geltendmachung von Zivilansprüchen in komplexen Wirtschaftsstraffällen. Marcel Frey berät Klienten regelmässig in internationalen Rechtshilfeverfahren und bei der Rückführung unrechtmässig erworbener Vermögenswerte. Zudem ist er spezialisiert auf die Vollstreckung nationaler und internationaler Entscheide in der Schweiz.

Marcel Frey ist ein exzellenter Zuhörer mit rascher Auffassungsgabe, risikobewusst und analytisch äusserst sorgfältig. So vermittelt er den Klienten rasch Konsens und Lösungen. Seine Offenheit und Weltläufigkeit ist in internationalen Verfahren ein starker Asset. Seine Mandanten schätzen Marcel Freys Wissen und Tatkraft, welche er auch gern in den Vis Moot Court Trials für die Nachwuchsförderung einbringt.

E-Mail

+41 44 254 55 55

Linkedin

VCard

Anwaltszulassung

Zugelassen in der Schweiz (2004)

Fachgebiete

  • White Collar Crimes & Investigations
  • Dispute Resolution
  • Private Clients

Ausbildung

  • Universität Kapstadt (LL.M., 2006)
  • Universität Zürich (lic. iur., 2001)

Sprachen

  • Deutsch
  • Englisch
  • Französisch
  • Afrikaans

Mitgliedschaften

  • Zürcher und Schweizerischer Anwaltsverband
  • SwissCham Southern Africa

Marcel Frey is dedicated, hard working and an assured and capable advisor. — Legal 500 EMEA 2024

Winner - Mondaq Thought Leadership Awards, Autumn 2023

Counsel Marcel Frey is the key contact in the team for white-collar crime mandates. — Legal 500 EMEA 2023

Very cohesive and supportive team who we have built a strong relationship with over the years. Prompt and timely contributions, they know the law inside out, and they have a good relationship with the courts. — Legal 500 EMEA 2022

Marcel Frey, a key lawyer of the team – a real workhorse – committed, knows the law inside out, drafts well. — Legal 500 EMEA 2022

The availability and attention to details is always amazing. The team is able to quickly design solutions even in complex matters and present them in such a way that these are also understood by the business. — Legal 500 EMEA 2022

They are highly responsive consistently. They offer a speedy analysis of situations and solutions which are measured and tailored to the issue. — Legal 500 EMEA 2022

Publikationen

Thema: Banking & Finance, Dispute Resolution
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey
Lesezeit: 3 Min
Zeitung: IFLR Local Insights

Das Informationsrecht von Erben gegenüber Banken: Wie der Safe in der Schweiz geknackt wird

Urs Feller und Marcel Frey analysieren ein kürzlich ergangenes Urteil des Schweizerischen Bundesgerichts, das Erben, welche Auskünfte bei der Bank eines Erblassers einzuholen hoffen, hilfreiche Orientierung bietet. Sie erläutern, was bei der Einreichung von Auskunftsansprüchen vor Gericht zu beachten ist, und klären die verschiedenen Rechtsgrundlagen, die den Erben zur Verfügung stehen, sowie den Umfang und die Reichweite dieser Instrumente, wenn sie sich an die Banken wenden.

Thema: Employment & Pensions
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey, Reto M. Jenny
Lesezeit: 3 Min
Zeitung: Corporate Disputes

Interne Untersuchungen – Gratwanderung für Personalabteilung und Unternehmensjuristen

Urs Feller,  Marcel Frey und Reto M. Jenny analysieren einen aktuellen Bundesgerichtsentscheid zu den Rechten einer verdächtigen Person im Rahmen einer internen Untersuchung. Der Entscheid behandelte die Frage des Umfangs der Verfahrensgarantien einer Person, die am Arbeitsplatz der sexuellen Belästigung von Mitarbeiterinnen beschuldigt wurde und welche Rechte – anders als in einem Strafverfahren – nicht zur Verfügung stehen.

Das englische Original ist im PDF-Format als Download verfügbar

Mehr...
Thema: Dispute Resolution, White Collar Crimes & Investigations
Autor: Marcel Frey
Lesezeit: 4 Min

Internationale Wirtschaftskriminalität – Schweiz

Marcel Frey beleuchtet die jüngsten Entwicklungen und Herausforderungen für Rechtsvertreter im Bereich des Schweizer Wirtschaftsstrafrechts und beantwortet Fragen zu Wirtschaftskriminalität und möglichen Reformen des Strafverfahrens.

Global Law Experts Practice Area Guide - Business Crime & Fraud Q&A


Bitte fassen Sie die Arbeit Ihrer Kanzlei zusammen und die Art und Weise, wie Sie sich bei der Rechtsberatung in den Bereichen Wirtschaftskriminalität und Betrug unterscheiden


Bei Prager Dreifuss arbeiten wir an vorderster Front an neuen Entwicklungen, die auf unserer umfassenden Erfahrung in internen Untersuchungen und der Unterstützung von Parteien bei der Durchsetzung ihrer straf- und zivilrechtlichen Ansprüchen in Strafverfahren beruhen. Unsere Arbeit erstreckt sich auf Betrugsuntersuchungen im Versicherungs-, Banken- und Bergbausektor. Wir werden häufig von Unternehmen beauftragt, wenn der Verdacht auf Fehlverhalten aufkommt. Auch Aufsichtsbehörden mandatieren uns regelmässig mit der Durchführung von Untersuchungen und der Erstellung von Berichten.
 

Wie sieht Ihre derzeitige Mandatsarbeit aus - und auf welche aktuellen wirtschaftskriminellen Themen werden Sie von Ihren Mandanten aufmerksam gemacht?


Derzeit sind wir in einigen hochkarätigen Wirtschaftskriminalitätsfällen involviert, die regelmässig auch internationale Aspekte beinhalten. Darüber hinaus beobachten wir eine Zunahme von Anfragen im Zusammenhang mit der Überwachung und dem Management von Risiken im Bereich der Sanktionen sowie mit der Gefahr der Sanktionsumgehung und der Aktivitäten der Strafverfolgungsbehörden gegen Unternehmen, welche Sanktionen auf die leichte Schulter nehmen.

Geldwäschebekämpfung und «Know Your Client»-Compliance sowie steigende Anforderungen beim Kunden-Onboarding sind neben der Verhinderung von Terrorismusfinanzierung Themen, mit denen sich die Klienten in immer stärkerem Masse auseinandersetzen müssen. Selbst in kleineren Unternehmen mit begrenztem internationalem Engagement werden diese Compliance-Hürden mit den damit verbundenen strafrechtlichen Risiken zu einer regelmässigen Herausforderung für Klienten.
 

Mit welchen beruflichen Herausforderungen waren Sie in den letzten 12 Monaten konfrontiert - wie z.B. globale Krisen oder Konflikte - und wie haben Sie sich darauf eingestellt?


Mit der Übernahme der Sanktionen der Europäischen Union gegen die Russische Föderation durch die Schweiz sahen sich unsere Klienten plötzlich mit grossen Compliance-Risiken ganz neuer Art und Dimensionen konfrontiert. Von der Kundenidentifikation über die Produktfreigabe bis hin zu Massnahmen zur Verhinderung von Sanktionsumgehung – der Krieg in der Ukraine hat einige unserer Klienten vor grosse Herausforderungen gestellt und tut dies auch weiterhin.
 

Was sind die wichtigsten Trends der letzten Zeit bei der Strafverfolgung von Wirtschaftskriminalität?


Im Zuge der jüngsten Rechtsprechung der Schweizer Gerichte, die Transparenz in Bezug auf Retrozessionen im Finanzsektor fordert, hat das Bundesgericht in einigen Fällen entschieden, dass geschädigte Personen und Unternehmen die ihnen geschuldeten, nicht offengelegten Provisionen zurückfordern können. Provisionen in Auftrags- oder Arbeitsverhältnissen, über welche nicht Rechenschaft abgelegt wurde, werden von der Geschäftsleitung, aber auch von staatlichen Ermittlern verstärkt unter die Lupe genommen. Die Entwicklung dieser Rechtsprechung begann im Rahmen von privatrechtlichen Verfahren, hat aber schnell an Dynamik gewonnen und wurde auf andere Rechtsgebiete (Verwaltungsrecht, Strafrecht) ausgedehnt.

In der Schweiz ist ein weiterer Schwerpunkt für Privatkläger das starke Bestreben, während der Untersuchungsphase Vermögenswerte aufzudecken und sichern zu lassen. Während des anschliessenden Gerichtsverfahrens sind Privatkläger bemüht, die Papierspur vom ursprünglichen Erlös aus der Straftat bis zum beschlagnahmten Vermögenswert nachzuweisen. Auf diese Weise können die Kläger - im Falle einer Verurteilung - von einer direkten Restitution durch das Strafgericht profitieren. In einer solchen Ausgangslage hat die  strafrechtlich festgestellte Forderung des Antragstellers Vorrang vor anderen Gläubigern.

In Ermangelung eines eindeutigen Paper-Trails können beschlagnahmten Vermögenswerte dennoch für die Parteikosten der Kläger und für die Befriedigung der Ersatzforderung des Staates verwendet werden, die dem Privatkläger für seinen Schaden zugewiesen werden kann.
 

Wenn Sie eine Reform der Gesetzgebung zur Verteidigung gegen Wirtschaftskriminalität in Ihrem Land durchführen könnten, wie würde diese aussehen?


In der Schweiz, wie auch in anderen Ländern, gibt es einen starken Anstieg der Auslastung von Staatsanwälten und Gerichten mit Straffällen. Vor allem im Wirtschaftssektor sind die Unternehmen mit immer mehr gesetzlichen Vorschriften und Compliance-Regeln konfrontiert. Das Vorhandensein solcher Vorschriften führt unweigerlich zu Durchsetzungsmassnahmen der Aufsichtsbehörden und immer häufiger zu Ermittlungen der Staatsanwaltschaft. Diese Verfahren sind regelmässig komplex, grenzüberschreitend und zeitaufwändig. Hinzu kommt die Praxis der Beschuldigten, eine weitreichende Siegelung von Dokumenten und Daten zu verlangen, und die langwierigen Entsiegelungsverfahren vor Gericht. All dies führt zu längeren Ermittlungen, längeren Prozessen und heiklen Begleitumständen wie übermässig lang andauernde Vermögensbeschlagnahmungen.

Die lange Dauer der Verfahren wirkt sich für alle Beteiligten negativ aus. Staatsanwälte und Gerichte sehen sich der Kritik ausgesetzt und werden beschuldigt, die Justiz zu verzögern. Die Beschuldigten müssen lange Zeiten der Ungewissheit ertragen und den psychischen Druck der Strafverfolgung und des Verfahrens aushalten. Die Gerichte berücksichtigen bei ihrer Urteilsfindung diese langen Verfahrensdauern strafmindernd. Dies könnte die Autorität der Staatsanwaltschaft untergraben, das staatliche Strafmonopol durchzusetzen. Im Extremfall können bestimmte Straftaten aufgrund der Verjährungsfristen nicht mehr verfolgt werden, was wiederum zu öffentlicher Kritik und Desillusionierung gegenüber dem Strafrechtssystem führt.

Es gibt Bestrebungen, die Situation zu entschärfen, z. B. durch die Begrenzung der Fristen, die den Parteien während des Prozesses zur Verfügung stehen (und gewährt werden), und durch die Forderung nach mehr mündlichen Verhandlungen. Eine jüngste Revision der Strafprozessordnung, die sich mit der Siegelung befasst, zielt darauf ab, die Verlängerung und Verteidigung der Siegelung von Dokumenten und Daten eines Beschuldigten zu erschweren. Die neuen Bestimmungen sehen kürzere Fristen vor und dass Siegelungsanträge nach bestimmten Zeiträumen der Untätigkeit als zurückgezogen gelten. Ob tatsächlich eine Beschleunigung erreicht wird, ist jedoch fraglich, da der Kreis der Parteien, die Siegelungsanträge stellen und sich gegen Entsiegelungsanträge der Staatsanwaltschaft wehren können, erweitert wurde.

Eine weitere Massnahme, die in der Rechtspraxis stark befürwortet wird, ist die Einführung von aussergerichtlichen Lösungen, wie z.B. Vereinbarungen über einen Aufschub der Strafverfolgung. Bislang gibt es in der Schweiz kein vergleichbares Instrument, das es Unternehmen ermöglichen würde, vergangene Verfehlungen finanziell wiedergutzumachen, ohne strafrechtlich verurteilt zu werden. Die Befürworter der aussergerichtlichen Einigung sehen in diesem Instrument das Potenzial, das ansonsten langwierige Strafverfahren für Unternehmen zu vereinfachen.
 

Wie hat sich die Digitalisierung auf die Ermittlungen ausgewirkt?


Wir stellen fest, dass sowohl die Strafverfolgungsbehörden als auch die Parteivertreter digitale Instrumente zur Unterstützung ihres Fallmanagements nutzen und Terabytes von Daten durchforsten. Die schiere Menge an Material, die heutzutage zur Verfügung steht (insbesondere bei Betrug und anderen Finanzdelikten), stellt jedoch immer noch eine grosse Herausforderung für alle Beteiligten dar, da die endgültige Analyse und Entscheidungsfindung trotz der verfügbaren digitalen Werkzeuge immer noch bei den beteiligten Staatsanwälten, Rechtsanwälten und Richtern liegt.
 

Wie stellen Sie eine fundierte Beratung für Klienten sicher, die in anderen Rechtsordnungen ansässig sind oder im Ausland tätig sind?


Wir sind eine Schweizer Anwaltskanzlei mit Büros in Zürich, Bern und Brüssel, Belgien. Darüber hinaus pflegen wir ein starkes Netzwerk mit Kolleginnen und Kollegen in anderen Jurisdiktionen, mit denen wir im stetigen Kontakt stehen.

Wir tauschen uns regelmässig mit unseren Mandanten und wichtigen Partnern im Ausland aus, da sich die Rechtslandschaft in der Schweiz ständig weiterentwickelt. Wir halten unsere Mandanten mit Zeitungsartikeln, Newslettern und Beiträgen auf unserer Homepage und über unsere LinkedIn-Plattform auf dem Laufenden. Gelegentlich partizipieren wir an internen Programmen und teilen Erkenntnisse und neue Entwicklungen mit internen Rechtsteams. Inzwischen finden auch immer häufiger digitale Meetings statt, in denen wir über aktuelle Entwicklungen berichten.

Mehr...
Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Marcel Frey, Bernhard C. Lauterburg
Lesezeit: 4 Min

Zuständigkeitshürden bei Investitionsstreitigkeiten in China – ein aktuelles Urteil des Schweizerischen Bundesgerichts

Bernhard Lauterburg und Marcel Frey analysieren einen kürzlich ergangenen Bundesgerichtsentscheid zur Interpretation von Zuständigkeitsklauseln in Investitionsschutzabkommen mit China und den einzuschlagenden Rechtsweg im Falle von Enteignungen oder enteignungsgleichen Vorgängen.

Zuständigkeitshürden bei Investitionsstreitigkeiten in China – ein aktuelles Urteil des Schweizerischen Bundesgerichts

A. Ausgangslage

Am 11. Januar 2024 fällte das Bundesgericht ein Urteil zur Auslegung des Investitionsschutzabkommens vom 21. November 1985 zwischen der Volksrepublik China und der Republik Singapur (ISA, das Abkommen endete 2019). Dem Urteil zu Grunde liegt ein Schiedsurteil eines ad hoc Schiedsgerichts mit Sitz in der Schweiz (Genf), das eine Auseinandersetzung zwischen AsiaPhos Limited und Norwest Chemicals Pte Limited (Klägerinnen, Singapur) einerseits und der Volksrepublik China (Beklagte) andererseits zu beurteilen hatte (ICSID Case No. ADM/21/1, Schiedsspruch vom 16. Februar 2023). Wenn auch der Sachverhalt zwar weit entfernt sein mag und das einschlägige ISA nicht mehr in Kraft ist, ist das Urteil des Bundesgerichts dennoch richtungsweisend. Das Bundesgericht setzte sich mit dem Wiener Übereinkommen über das Recht der Verträge bzw. den dort festgehaltenen Auslegungsprinzipien für völkerrechtliche Verträge auseinander, legte dar, dass Grundsätze aus der Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit nicht unbesehen auf die Investitionsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit übertragen werden können und rief wesentliche Grundsätze zum Novenrecht in Erinnerung.

B. Schiedsverfahren

Am 7. August 2020 leiteten die Klägerinnen gestützt auf das ISA ein Schiedsverfahren gegen die Beklagte ein und verlangten die Feststellung verschiedener Verletzungen des ISA sowie Ersatz des daraus entstandenen Schadens.

Die Klägerinnen hatten ab 1996 Investitionen in drei Phosphat-Minen in der Provinz Sichuan getätigt. Die drei Minen befanden sich in einem Gebiet, in dem 2007 das Jiudingshan Nature Reserve (Mianzhu) eingerichtet wurde und später auch ein nationaler Pandapark entstehen sollte. Diese Entwicklungen liessen den Phosphat-Abbau zunächst unberührt. Ab 2017 verbot die Provinzregierung von Sichuan jedoch den Bergbau im und um das Jiudingshan Nature Reserve und den nationalen Pandapark, was zur Schliessung und Versiegelung der drei Minen und zur Nichterneuerung der von den Klägerinnen gehaltenen Bergbaulizenzen führte (für eine detaillierte Übersicht der geltend gemachten Tatsachen, vgl. ICSID Case No. ADM/21/1, Schiedsspruch vom 16. Februar 2023, Abschnitt III (verfügbar auf https://www.italaw.com/cases/10231). Hierauf leiteten die Klägerinnen am 7. August 2020 gestützt auf Artikel 13 Abs. 3 ISA ein vom Internationalen Zentrum zur Beilegung von Investitionsstreitigkeiten (ICSID, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes) administriertes Schiedsverfahren ein und verlangten die Feststellung verschiedener Verletzungen des ISA sowie Ersatz des daraus entstandenen Schadens.

In rechtlicher Hinsicht machten die Klägerinnen geltend, die von der Provinz Sichuan bzw. der Volksrepublik China ergriffenen Massnahmen seien gleichbedeutend mit einer Enteignung gemäss Artikel 6 ISA und verstiessen gegen die in Artikel 3 Abs. 2 ISA enthaltenen allgemeinen Garantien fairer und gerechter Behandlung sowie den Anspruch auf vollen Schutz und Sicherheit (ICSID Case No. ADM/21/1, Schiedsspruch vom 16. Februar 2023, Rz. 36).

Bereits im Schiedsverfahren war umstritten, ob das Schiedsgericht überhaupt zuständig war, was dieses verneinte. Die Volksrepublik China argumentierte, dass Artikel 13 Abs. 3 des ISA eine sehr enge Schiedsklausel enthalte. Diese Schiedsklausel lautete im Wesentlichen wie folgt:

  1. Any dispute between a national or company of one Contracting Party and the other Contracting Party in connection with an investment in the territory of the other Contracting Party shall, as far as possible, be settled amicably through negotiations between the parties to the dispute.
  2. If the dispute cannot be settled through negotiations within six months, either party to the dispute shall be entitled to submit the dispute to the competent court of the Contracting Party accepting the investment.
  3. If a dispute involving the amount of compensation resulting from expropriation, nationalization, or other measures having effect equivalent to nationalization or expropriation mentioned in Article 6 cannot be settled within six months after resort to negotiation as specified in paragraph (1) of this Article by the national or company concerned, it may be submitted to an international arbitral tribunal established by both parties.

Nach Auffassung der Beklagten seien folglich Streitigkeiten bezüglich unter das ISA fallenden Investitionen in erster Linie durch die jeweiligen staatlichen Gericht zu beurteilen. Lediglich Streitigkeiten über die Höhe der Entschädigung für eine Enteignung, Verstaatlichung oder eine andere Massnahme mit gleicher Wirkung wie eine Verstaatlichung oder Enteignung im Sinne des Artikels 6 ISA sollten vor ein internationales Schiedsgericht gebracht werden.

Demgegenüber machten die Klägerinnen zum einen erfolglos geltend, der Wortlaut von Artikel 13 Abs. 3 ISA sei dergestalt umfassend zu verstehen, dass jegliche Streitigkeit, die einen Entschädigungsanspruch aus Enteignung o.ä. mit sich bringe, von der Schiedsklausel erfasst werde. Zum andern argumentierten sie als Eventualposition ebenfalls erfolglos, dass die Schiedsklausel aufgrund der in Artikel 4 ISA enthaltenen Meistbegünstigungsklausel auf den von ihnen geltend gemachten Anspruch auszuweiten sei.

Das Schiedsgericht beschränkte das Verfahren zunächst auf die Zuständigkeit und lehnte diese mit Schiedsspruch vom 16. Februar 2023 ab. Dagegen erhoben die Klägerinnen Beschwerde an das Bundesgericht und rügten, das Schiedsgericht habe seine Zuständigkeit zur Beurteilung der Streitigkeit zu Unrecht verneint (Art. 190 Abs. 2 lit. b IPRG). Das Bundesgericht wies die Beschwerde mit Urteil vom 11. Januar 2024 ab.

C. Das ISA zwischen Singapur und der Volksrepublik China war kein Einzelfall – Bestimmungen in ISA mit der Volksrepublik China

Der Wortlaut der im vorliegenden Fall einschlägigen Schiedsklausel war, so das Bundesgericht, eng. Neuere Investitionsschutzabkommen, welche die Volksrepublik China abgeschlossen hat, enthalten weiter gefasste Schiedsklauseln, so jenes zwischen der Schweiz und der Volksrepublik China vom 27. Januar 2009 (ISA CH, SR 0.975.224.9). Gemäss Artikel 11 Abs. 2 ISA CH kann der Investor bei Streitigkeiten wegen Verletzung des ISA CH nach einer "Abkühlungsperiode" entweder vor den nationalen Gerichten oder aber einem Schiedsgericht klagen. Eine Einschränkung wie im ISA zwischen Singapur und der Volksrepublik China, wonach nur bestimmte Streitigkeiten schiedsfähig sind, gibt es nicht. Allerdings kann die Volksrepublik China vom Investor verlangen, dass dieser vor Einreichung einer Schiedsklage zunächst ein innerstaatliches verwaltungsrechtliches Überprüfungsverfahren einleitet, das allerdings nicht länger als drei Monate dauern darf. Einen ähnlichen Vorbehalt gibt es etwa auch im Investitionsschutzabkommen zwischen dem Königreich der Niederlanden und der Volksrepublik China vom 26. November 2001 (https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/763/download).

Demgegenüber enthielt das frühere Abkommen mit der Volksrepublik China vom 12. November 1986 (AS 1987 589) ebenfalls eine derartige Einschränkung, wonach lediglich Streitigkeiten über die Entschädigungssumme, die aufgrund von Artikel 7 dieses Abkommens betreffend "Besitzentziehung, Entschädigung" geschuldet ist, durch den Investor einem Schiedsgericht unterbreitet werden konnten, während "Streitigkeiten über andere Fragen in Zusammenhang mit dem vorliegenden Abkommen" nur bei Einverständnis beider betroffener Parteien schiedsfähig waren.

Während in den neueren Abkommen der Volksrepublik China derartige Einschränkungen in der Regel nicht mehr vorkommen, ist dennoch zu beachten, dass die Volksrepublik China in vielen Fällen zunächst die Durchführung eines innerstaatlichen Überprüfungsverfahrens verlangt. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit ist dabei sog. "Fork-in-the-Road"- oder ähnlichen Bestimmungen zu schenken. "Fork-in-the-Road"-Bestimmungen sagen nichts weniger, als dass der einmal eingeschlagene Weg der Streitbeilegung, also entweder die Wahl des staatlichen Gerichts oder eines Schiedsgerichts, verbindlich ist. Demgegenüber lassen sog. "No-U-turn"-Bestimmungen zu, dass der ausländische Investor zwar zunächst ein nationales Verfahren anstrengt, dieses aber dann zu Gunsten eines Schiedsverfahrens aufgeben kann. Eine Wiederaufnahme des Verfahrens bzw. die Einreichung eines neuen Rechtsmittels vor den nationalen Gerichten ist dann allerdings ausgeschlossen. Das ISA CH lässt es zu, eine Klage vor dem nationalen Gericht zurückzuziehen und sie danach einem Schiedsgericht vorzulegen. Andere Abkommen scheinen diesbezüglich strenger zu sein, so etwa das Investitionsschutzabkommen zwischen Frankreich und der Volksrepublik China (https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/3342/download). Das Investitionsschutzabkommen zwischen Deutschland und der Volksrepublik China scheint wiederum einen ähnlichen Ansatz zu verfolgen wie das ISA  CH und bestimmt, dass ein deutscher Investor nur dann ein Schiedsgericht einberufen kann, wenn er die Angelegenheit zunächst einem Verwaltungsprüfverfahren nach chinesischem Recht unterzogen hat und die Meinungsverschiedenheit drei Monate, nachdem er das Prüfverfahren in Gang gesetzt hat, fortbesteht (so wie das ISA CH) und, falls die Angelegenheit einem chinesischen Gericht unterbreitet worden ist, sie von dem Investor nach chinesischem Recht noch zurückgezogen werden kann (https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/7217/download). Im ISA CH fehlt demgegenüber betreffend des Rückzugs der Klage vor den nationalen Gerichten der Verweis auf das nationale Prozessrecht. Dies Ambiguitäten im Wortlaut der einzelnen Bestimmungen der verschiedenen Investitionsschutzabkommen können durchaus zu erheblichen Unsicherheiten und gegebenenfalls zum Verlust des Recht auf ein Schiedsgericht führen. Gute Verfahrensplanung ist deshalb essentiell.

D. Das Urteil des Bundesgerichts

1. Was andere Schiedsgerichte sagen, kann höchstens inspirierend sein

Allgemein erinnerte das Bundesgericht daran, dass Schiedssprüchen aus anderen Investitionsstreitigkeiten und den Meinungen in der Fachliteratur zwar ein hoher Stellenwert beigemessen werde, das Bundesgericht die Bestimmungen internationaler Abkommen allerdings praxisgemäss selber auslege. Dabei könne es gegebenenfalls die Lehre berücksichtigen und sich von schiedsgerichtlichen Entscheidungen inspirieren lassen. Dabei sei jedoch zu beachten, dass die in anderen Schiedsverfahren ergangenen Entscheidungen im Bereich des internationalen Investitionsschutzes weder für die anderen Schiedsgerichte noch für das Bundesgericht bindend seien, so dass sie keine eigentlichen Rechtsquellen darstellen (BGer. 4A_172/2023, Urteil vom 11. Januar 2024, E. 4.2.1.).

Gleiches gilt auch im Bereich der internationalen Investitionsstreitigkeiten. Obwohl kein Schiedsgericht an die Urteile anderer Schiedsgerichte gebunden ist, lässt sich seit längerer Zeit beobachten, dass Schiedsgerichte sich im Sinne einer gewissen unité de doctrine stark an den Entscheidungen anderer Schiedsgerichte orientieren bzw. sich mit diesen auseinandersetzen (vgl. etwa Jan Paulsson, The Role of Precedent in Investment Treaty Arbitration', in Katia Yannaca-Small (ed), Arbitration Under International Investment Agreements: A Guide to the Key Issues (Second Edition), S. 81-100; Beata Gessel-Kalinowska vel Kalisz, Konrad Czech, The Role of Precedent in Investment Treaty Arbitration, in: Stavros Brekoulakis (ed), Arbitration: The International Journal of Arbitration, Mediation and Dispute Management, Vol. 85, Issue 2, S. 162-168).

2. Schiedsgerichte sind nur zuständig, wenn die Parteien klar und unmissverständlich zustimmen

Die Beschwerdeführerinnen in vorliegenden Fall stützten sich zunächst auf den Grundsatz, wonach – wenn feststeht, dass eine Schiedsvereinbarung vorliegt – davon auszugehen sei, dass die Parteien eine umfassende Zuständigkeit des Schiedsgerichts wünschten. Das Bundesgericht entgegnete, dass dieser im Bereich der Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit entwickelte Grundsatz gerade in einem Fall, wo ein Investitionsschutzabkommen mehrere Streitbeilegungsmechanismen vorsieht bzw. die im Investitionsschutzabkommen geregelte Abgrenzung der staatlichen von der privaten Gerichtsbarkeit umstritten ist, nicht zur Anwendung kommen könne. Damit bestätigte das Bundesgericht erneut die ständige Praxis, dass die Zuständigkeit eines Schiedsgerichts auf einer klaren und unmissverständlichen Zustimmung der Vertragsparteien beruhen müsse (BGer. 4A_172/2023, Urteil vom 11. Januar 2024, E. 5.1.).

Die weiteren Erwägungen des Bundesgerichts setzen sich mit der Frage der Auslegung von Artikel 13 Abs. 3 ISA auseinander und bestätigen den Schiedsspruch, wonach die Schiedsklausel so zu verstehen sei, dass ein Schiedsgericht nur betreffend die Frage der Entschädigungshöhe angerufen werden könne. Nicht von der Schiedsklausel erfasst sei demgegenüber die Frage, ob eine Enteignung, welche Gegenstand einer schiedsgerichtlich zu bestimmenden Entschädigung sein kann, stattgefunden habe. Auf den Einwand der Beschwerdeführerinnen, die staatlichen Gerichte in der Volksrepublik China könnten das Vorliegen und die Rechtmässigkeit einer materiellen Enteignung gar nicht feststellen, trat das Bundesgericht gar nicht erst ein. Das Schiedsgericht habe, so das Bundesgericht, nicht darüber zu befinden habe, ob die Vertragsstaaten der Verpflichtung nachgekommen seien, in ihrem Hoheitsgebiet ausreichenden Schutz gegen Enteignungsmassnahmen sowie hinreichende Entschädigung im Sinne des ISA zu gewährleisten (BGer. 4A_172/2023, Urteil vom 11. Januar 2024, E. 5.4.2.). Im Übrigen, so das Bundesgericht zu einem weiteren Einwand der Beschwerdeführerinnen, sei der Umstand, dass die Beschränkung der Zuständigkeit des Schiedsgerichts auf die Frage der Entschädigungshöhe und das damit einhergehende Nebeneinander von staatlicher und privater Gerichtsbarkeit möglicherweise mit Abgrenzungsschwierigkeiten und – bezüglich bestimmter materieller Fragen – Doppelspurigkeiten verbunden sei, nicht zu dem in der Beschwerde vertretenen Auslegungsergebnis einer umfassenden Zuständigkeit des Schiedsgerichts führe (BGer. 4A_172/2023, Urteil vom 11. Januar 2024, E. 5.4.1.).

3. Gutachten zu später Stunde können beachtenswert sein

Mit ihrer Beschwerde reichten die Beschwerdeführerinnen ein neues Gutachten ein, mit dem sie die von ihnen behauptete Unmöglichkeit belegen wollen, ihre Entschädigungsansprüche vor staatlichen chinesischen Gerichten geltend zu machen. Mit Hinweise auf die Rechtsprechung hielt das Bundesgericht fest, das Novenverbot des Art. 99 Abs. 1 BGG erstrecke sich lediglich auf den Sachverhalt, nicht aber auf Angriffs- und Verteidigungsmittel rechtlicher Natur. Rechtsgutachten seien daher vom Novenverbot grundsätzlich nicht erfasst, sofern sie innert der Beschwerdefrist (Art. 100 BGG) eingereicht werden und damit die rechtliche Argumentation der beschwerdeführenden Partei gestärkt werden soll. Einschränkend sei aber zu beachten, dass Gutachten über ausländisches Recht zumindest teilweise den Charakter eines Beweismittels hätten, sofern die Parteien zur Feststellung des ausländischen Rechts beitragen müssen.

Nach Auffassung des Bundesgerichts sei aus den Ausführungen der Beschwerdeführerinnen nicht klar geworden, ob die behauptete Unmöglichkeit rechtlicher Natur im Sinne eines Ausschlusses bestimmter Klageverfahren gewesen sei oder ob tatsächliche Hindernisse vorlägen, ein entsprechendes Verfahren erfolgreich zu durchschreiten. Einmal mehr zeigt sich damit, dass an die Redaktion einer Beschwerde an das Bundesgericht bzw. eines damit einzureichenden Rechtsgutachtens hohe Anforderungen gestellt werden (BGer. 4A_172/2023, Urteil vom 11. Januar 2024, E. 3.).

E. Fazit

Das rapportierte Urteil gibt wiederum einen spannenden Einblick in die Welt des internationalen Investitionsschutzes.

  • Bei der Strukturierung internationaler Investitionen sollte die Möglichkeit, Streitigkeiten vor ein neutrales Schiedsgericht zu bringen, regelmässig mit eine Rolle spielen, andernfalls man sich in der Lage befinden könnte, mit lokalen Gerichten Vorlieb nehmen zu müssen. Die Voraussetzungen des Zugangs zu einem Schiedsgericht sollte sorgfältig analysiert werden. An das Vorliegende einer Schiedsabrede werden vom Bundesgericht regelmässig hohe Anforderungen gestellt.
  • Prinzipen, die in der internationalen Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit anwendbar bzw. dort anerkannt sind, können nicht unbesehen auf die internationale Investitionsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit übertragen werden. Letztere folgt ihren eigenen Regeln.
  • Bei Schiedsverfahren in der Schweiz (und wohl auch andernorts) ist bereits im Rahmen des Schriftenwechsels an mögliche Beschwerdeverfahren vor den nationalen Gerichten zu denken. Die für ein allfälliges Beschwerdeverfahren vermutlich relevanten tatsächlichen Behauptungen einschliesslich der einschlägigen Beweismittel, namentlich solche zum anwendbaren ausländischen Recht, sollten bereits im Schiedsverfahren vorgebracht werden.
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Thema: Employment & Pensions
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey
Lesezeit: 5 Min

Interne Untersuchungen – Gratwanderung für Personalabteilung und Unternehmensjuristen

Urs Feller und Marcel Frey analysieren einen aktuellen Bundesgerichtsentscheid zu den Rechten einer verdächtigen Person im Rahmen einer internen Untersuchung. Der Entscheid behandelte die Frage des Umfangs der Verfahrensgarantien einer Person, die am Arbeitsplatz der sexuellen Belästigung von Mitarbeiterinnen beschuldigt wurde und welche Rechte – anders als in einem Strafverfahren – nicht zur Verfügung stehen.

Internal investigations – The balancing act for HR and in-house counsel between formal guarantees and business pragmatism

1) Backdrop: Federal Tribunal Decision of January 19, 2024

a) Introduction

In-house legal counsel and human resource department heads of most companies invariably have to deal with sexual harassment complaints at least once in their careers. Heightened awareness to issues of GBV and related social ills but also employee rights have made the professional and at the same time sensitive handling of such occurrences a challenging task for the involved parties. A recent Federal Tribunal decision may shed some light on how best to deal with such tasks in internal investigations.

b) Facts of the matter

On the August 29, 2018, a female employee reported cases of sexual harassment by a male employee at the workplace to the company's internal ombud for behaviour and ethics. Based on the report, the employer initiated an internal investigation. On the October 23, 2018, the employment contract of the male employer was terminated in keeping with the normal three months' notice to the end of January 2019. Owing to sickness and accident leave of the employee, the employment relationship was eventually extended until the end of August 2019.

c) Procedural history

After an unsuccessful attempt at conciliation, the male employee filed a lawsuit against the employer with the Zurich Labour Court on July 13, 2020. He sought an amendment to his work reference letter and a compensation amount for unlawful dismissal.

The Zurich Labour Court accepted the employee's plea for an amendment of the reference letter, but dismissed the request for compensation in its ruling of March 26, 2021. The employee appealed the decision on the compensation issue to the High Court of the Canton of Zurich. On May 23, 2023, the High Court repealed the Labour Court's decision and obliged the defendant company to pay to the appellant a compensation amount of CHF 70,000 (plus default interest of 5%). The employer in turn appealed this decision to the Federal Tribunal which had to decide on the lawfulness of the termination.

On the January, 19, 2024 the Federal Tribunal annulled the ruling of the Zurich High Court (confirming the first instance judgment of the Zurich Labour Court) and dismissed the request for compensation, finding that no unlawful termination had been issued.

2) Formal requirements for an internal investigation

a) Analog application of criminal procedure guarantees?

In its appeal to the Federal Tribunal, the company contested the High Court's ruling which had found that its internal processes had not been adhered to (thus entitling the employee to compensation). The employee had criticized the internal investigation as having been unfair: contrary to the internal company policy, he had not been afforded the right to have a person of trust accompany him to the internal hearing where he was confronted with the allegation of sexual harassment. He had also not been informed in advance about the topic of the hearing and had been taken by surprise by the allegations levelled at him. As such, he had not had any time to prepare his defence (i.e. checking dates of the alleged actions, or seeking out persons to act as witnesses in his favour). He had never been confronted with the identity of the person that had brought the complaint and the description of the occurrence had remained vague thus making it impossible for him to defend himself adequately. The employee claimed that, given the seriousness of the accusation (which could have constituted a criminal offence), the treatment received did not constitute fair proceedings.

The Zurich High Court had concurred with this line of argument, noting that the internal investigation bore likeness to a criminal investigation. As such, the employee should have been afforded similar rights and procedural guarantees.

The Federal Tribunal disagreed with the line of argument.

b) Termination Right

At the outset, the Federal Tribunal stressed the right of the employer to end an employment relationship at any time, as long as contractually agreed or statutory notice periods were upheld. It reiterated that an employer need not motivate a termination and did not have to provide any particular reasons to end a labour contract, thus underlining the liberal Swiss concept of termination freedom. At the same time, the Federal Tribunal recalled that in certain instances (referring to art. 336 Code of Obligations), a termination may be considered to be unlawful.

c) Findings of the Zurich Labour Court

The Federal Tribunal recapped the first instance court's findings. The Zurich Labour Court had noted that whether or not the termination had been lawful or not (which would give rise to a claim for compensation), it did not matter, whether the allegations of sexual harassment were true or not. Solely determinant was the question whether the company had adequately investigated the allegations. This investigation had proceeded according to the internal guidelines of the company. The resulting report showed, that the investigating team had carefully gone about its work, analysing both damaging as well as alleviating circumstances. The company eventually came to the conclusion that the allegations were more likely true than not.

The alleged transgressions with the regard to the internal rules (right to have a person of trust present during the internal hearing) were deemed not to have been so severe, as to negate the entire internal investigation. As such, the company had rightfully held a grounded suspicion of sexual harassment which made the continuation of the employment contract no longer bearable.

d) Findings of the High Court of the Canton of Zurich

The Federal Tribunal went on to analyse the findings of the second instance court. The High Court had taken into account the gravity of the allegations and likened the proceedings to a criminal investigation (also quoting an earlier Federal Tribunal decision that had referred to scholarly opinions in this regard, without itself taking an explicit position on the matter though). As such, the employee reported to the internal ombudswoman was – in the view of the High Court – entitled to a complete investigation with similar guarantees and a clear understanding of the allegations levelled against him. The High Court found that the employee had not been afforded the rights outlined in the internal notice on sexual harassment, had been taken by surprise by the hearing and had not been accompanied by a person of trust.

e) No Federal Tribunal jurisprudence requiring analogue application

To date, the Federal Tribunal has not published a decision which confirmed an analogue application of the criminal procedure guarantees in internal investigations. With the present decision the Federal Tribunal clarified that it did not apply nor endorse such an analogy for internal investigation. Internal investigation followed their own procedure and rules. The procedural guarantees of the Criminal Procedure Code simply did not apply to internal investigations. As civil rights they did not – save for few exceptions – extend their scope to relations between private parties.

f) Differences in legal basis

In its analysis, the Federal Tribunal pointed out that the legal basis for an internal investigation and a criminal investigation were vastly different. Whilst in private law relations the parties were at liberty to conclude or terminate a contract, in criminal proceedings the accused was subjected to the might and powers of the state. In criminal proceedings, the state could impose fines, monetary penalties, as well as custodial sentences or a lifelong imprisonment.

On the other hand, in the private law sphere, the worst consequence an employee could face was the termination of the contractual relationship. Private law relations are based on voluntary relationships between individuals. Legal issues are handled based on the individual agreement or the underlying legal framework. This allows for each party to voluntarily terminate a contract within a period of notice.

g) Caveat: Abusive termination

The Federal Tribunal did not turn a blind eye to obviously abusive terminations, which could give rise to rights of compensation, depending on the manner in which the terminating party exercised its right. A terminating party clearly had to act in good faith. This underlines the importance of conducting an internal investigation with a focus on safeguarding individual rights. In general, deceitful and contradictory behaviour of the terminating party could render a dismissal abusive. An unlawful termination occurs where an employer light-heartedly and without reasonable cause accuses the employee.

The lawfulness of a dismissal had to be assessed in each individual case according to the circumstances and the reasons. Unlawfulness and the legality of a termination of a suspicion could only be determined by the courts.

h) The internal investigation

The Federal Tribunal summarized the internal investigation and found that after the complaint lodged by an employee with the internal ombudswoman, the complainant and other persons were questioned. The reported employee's internal e-mail account was reviewed (in part) with a view to any statements about the employee that had lodged the complaint. Lastly, the reported employee was invited to a hearing and questioned, after which he had the opportunity to review the minutes of the hearing.

According to the Federal Tribunal, the company concluded that the defence of the reported employee was not credible and stood in contradiction to the statements of other employees questioned. It concluded that the alleged behaviour had very likely occurred. The recommendation in the report was that a disciplinary procedure should be initiated. The disciplinary panel issued a formal termination after reviewing the report.

i) No overarching internal rules, no unlawful termination, legality of termination on suspicion

The Federal Tribunal concurred with the appealing company that the fact that the reported employee was not advised as to the charges ahead of the hearing was not detrimental. Requiring such advance notice would be farther-reaching than what the Criminal Procedure Code would require.

The Federal Tribunal further held that a deficiency of the investigation process, such as the absence of a "person of trust" at the interview, could not constitute such a grave mistake as to give rise to an abusive termination. The "accusation principle", a fundamental rule of criminal court procedures, was not applicable in internal investigations thus it was not required that the employee be made aware in all detail where and when exactly the alleged behaviour was said to have taken place. Doing so would also create an untenable tension between the legitimate self-protection interests of the reported person and the person lodging the sexual harassment complaint. In unison, scholarly opinion supports that such a person may remain anonymous and such person's identity may not be communicated to the reported person.

On the whole, the Federal Tribunal noted, that the allegations had been sufficiently detailed and that the internal investigation had not brought to the fore the conspiracy alleged by the employee. Contrary to criminal law, terminating an employee solely based on a suspicion was not unlawful in Switzerland, even if – after the termination – it comes to light that the suspicion was unfounded. The Federal Tribunal held that for this reason it was obvious that the employer was not obliged to prove the suspicions.

The Federal Tribunal concluded that the termination had not been issued light-heartedly or without reason. The freedom to terminate may not be overburdened by overarching principles borrowed from criminal law. It found that no abusive termination had been issued and no compensation was due.

3) Conclusion

The Federal Tribunal decision gives some pointers to internal counsel how to best organise internal investigations. While personal rights of employees should be protected and transparency promoted, the procedural guarantees and rights of persons accused by the state in criminal proceedings do not come into play one-to-one in company internal matters.

The judgment by the Federal Tribunal clarifies to some extent the degree to which reported employees can invoke procedural guarantees and to which level employers must regulate their internal processes.

HR departments and in-house counsel are relatively free in ascertaining the reasons upon which to base a recommendation for termination. Nevertheless, correspondences and interviews should be taken in written form, to establish a certain degree of evidence. HR departments (and in-house attorneys) should strive to establish a reasonable suspicion before the employer issues a termination. Mere allegations may not justify an ordinary termination. The freedom of termination exists, yet it is limited by the boundaries drawn by abuse.

It would seem that the jurisprudence by the Federal Tribunal gives in-house legal departments more leeway in their managing of internal investigations with no strict adherence to criminal procedure rules required, thus limiting the risk of damages for unlawful termination on that front.

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Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Marcel Frey, Reto M. Jenny
Zeitung: Financier Worldwide
Lesezeit: 4 Min

Schiedsverfahren in Wirtschaftssachen in der Schweiz

Reto Jenny und Marcel Frey diskutieren die neusten Entwicklungen im Bereich der Wirtschaftsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit in der Schweiz.

Die Autoren besprechen unter anderem den Vorschlag, dem Zürcher Handelsgericht eine Abteilung für internationale Streitigkeiten anzugliedern, die Verfahren in Englisch führen könnte. Des Weiteren kommentieren die Autoren gewisse taktische Hürden, welche sich in der jüngeren Vergangenheit im Zusammenhang mit der Vollstreckung von Schiedssprüchen gezeigt haben.

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Thema: Corporate News
Autor: Marcel Frey, Gion Jegher, Bernhard C. Lauterburg
Lesezeit: 2 Min

Willem C. Vis Moot Court — der zweite diesjährige Probelauf bei Prager Dreifuss

«Wir führen die Trials jetzt schon seit zwölf Jahren durch und das Niveau ist in den letzten Jahren massiv gestiegen», so das Schiedsgericht. Das gilt besonders für den heutigen Durchgang mit der Klägerin SensorX plc vertreten durch Nieves Malpeli (prozessuale Fragen) und Philipp Bürgi (materielle Fragen) von der Universität Bern. Nicht minder kompetent vertreten wird die Beklagte Visionic Ltd, nämlich durch Sofia Heim (prozessuale Fragen) und Leonie Thommen (materielle Fragen) von der Universität Basel.

Der Sachverhalt ist derselbe: die Counsel haben auf beiden Seiten einen schweren Stand, denn während SensorX ihre Vertreter dank vollständigem organisatorischem Chaos fordert, besticht Visionic durch eine extra Portion Naivität im Umgang mit Cyber-Risiken. Aber die Vertreterinnen und der Vertreter von Klägerin und Beklagter lassen sich durch solche Details nicht beirren. Sie beeindrucken das Schiedsgericht – wie gewohnt bestehend aus den Prager Dreifuss Anwälte Marcel Frey (Vorsitz), Gion Jegher und Bernhard Lauterburg – mit einem souveränen und selbstbewussten Auftritt, der sich aus den besonders soliden Kenntnissen der Schiedsakten und der anwendbaren Rechtsquellen speist, dies noch garniert mit internationalen Referenzurteilen.

Beide Seiten strotzen vor Angriffslust und und versuchen, die Schiedsrichter en passant um den Finger zu wickeln: Guter Augenkontakt, massvoll unterstützende Gestik und der eloquente Einsatz der Stimme, diese Elemente machen den Sieger. Nur heute gab es keinen, die vier Streiter haben sich gegenseitig neutralisiert und dürfen das Preisgeld untereinander aufteilen.

Thema: Corporate News
Autor: Marcel Frey, Gion Jegher, Bernhard C. Lauterburg
Lesezeit: 2 Min

Willem C. Vis Moot Court — der erste diesjährige Probelauf bei Prager Dreifuss

«Wo wir schon mal hier sind, könnten wir ja auch gleich beide Klagen verhandeln, nicht wahr?» Dies ist eine zentrales Begehren der Klägerin SensorX plc vertreten durch Marko Savkovic (prozessuale Fragen) und Niklas Graefen (materielle Fragen)der Universität St. Gallen. «Aber nein, die zwei Geschäfte haben nichts miteinander zu tun, das zweite Begehren fällt nicht unter die Schiedsklausel!», lautet die Replik der Beklagten Visionic Ltd, für die Nathalie Kneisel (prozessuale Fragen) und Giovanni Giusti (materielle Fragen) von der Universität Zürich in den Ring steigen.

Und dann noch dies: mit einem Spoof-E-Mail erschlich sich ein Hacker eine Zahlung von USD 38 Millionen von Visionic, während Visionic glaubt, diese rechtmässig an SensorX ihren Lieferanten entrichtet zu haben. Visionic hatte für diesen Betrag Automobil-Sensoren bestellt, SensorX lieferte und erwartet weiterhin die Bezahlung. Visionic unterstellt ihrem Geschäftspartner eine Mitschuld am Dilemma, denn der Hacker konnte das betrügerische Spoof-E-Mail nur mit Hintergrund-Informationen gestützt auf eine Cyberattacke bei SensorX herstellen. Über diesen Angriff schwieg sich das Cyber-Opfer aber aus, sodass Visionic völlig ahnungslos blieb und auf das Konto des Hackers überwies.

Sorglos gingen alle Parteien mit den Cyberrisiken um, das merkt das Schiedsgericht – die Prager Dreifuss Anwälte Marcel Frey (Vorsitz), Gion Jegher und Bernhard Lauterburg – warnend an. Wer gewinnt diesen Streit? Die St. Galler haben sich mit einem überzeugenderen mündlichen Auftritt einen knappen Vorsprung erarbeitet und so debattiert das Schiedsgericht auch beim abschliessenden Apéro weiter.

Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Marcel Frey, Bernhard C. Lauterburg
Lesezeit: 5 Min

Der Beschwerdegrund der Befangenheit – Das Bundesgericht bestätigt strenge Rechtsprechung

Marcel Frey und Bernhard Lauterburg besprechen einen jüngst ergangenen Bundesgerichtsentscheid zu den Sorgfaltspflichten von Parteien in Schiedsverfahren. Das Bundesgericht präzisiert darin seine Rechtsprechung zur Verwirkung von Ablehnungsgründen gegen Schiedsrichter. Dies sei dann der Fall, wenn der Ablehnungsgrund bei gehöriger Aufmerksamkeit hätte rechtzeitig entdeckt und bereits im Schiedsverfahren geltend gemacht werden können. Dies erfordert von den Parteien umfangreiche Recherchen öffentlich zugänglicher Informationen über die Schiedsrichter.

Der volle Text im Original auf Englisch ist hier auf unserer Seite verfügbar:

The Right to Appeal for Reasons of Recusal - The Federal Tribunal maintains a strict approach

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Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey
Zeitung: NZZ
Lesezeit: 3 Min

Die Globalisierung erreicht das Zürcher Handelsgericht

Bald können in Zürich internationale Zivilverfahren in englischer Sprache geführt werden.

Seit vielen Jahren geniesst die Schweiz einen ausgezeichneten Ruf als Standort für die Erledigung internationaler zivilrechtlicher Streitigkeiten. Diese werden häufig in Form von Schiedsverfahren abgewickelt – Genf wie auch Zürich sind als Schiedsorte beliebt. Jedoch sehen viele meist mittelständische Unternehmen davon ab, für allfällige Streitigkeiten vertraglich ein Schiedsverfahren vorzusehen. Sie scheuen die stark eingeschränkte Rechtsmittelmöglichkeit, vergleichsweise hohe Kosten, die Notwendigkeit der Wahl der Schiedsrichter aber auch ausgedehnte Beweisverfahren. Dabei sprechen die vorzüglichen Rahmenbedingungen des hiesigen Standorts durchaus für die Wahl eines Gerichtsstands in der Schweiz. Denn hier finden sich institutionelle Stabilität, Neutralität, juristisches Know-how und Erfahrung im Umgang mit internationalen Klienten.

Die unlängst angenommene Änderung der Schweizerischen Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO) ermöglicht es Schweizer Unternehmen mit internationalen Handelsbeziehungen, die guten Rahmenbedingungen des schweizerischen Standorts auch für Verfahren vor staatlichen Gerichten zu nutzen. Das entsprechende Projekt eines internationalen Handelsgerichts, des sogenannten "Zurich International Commercial Court", wird vom Zürcher Regierungsrat und von der Richterschaft am Zürcher Handelsgericht unterstützt.

Revision schafft Flexibilität

Die ZPO-Revision, welche dieses Regelwerk der Praxis anpasst, soll nach unbenutztem Ablauf der Referendumsfrist auf den 1. Januar 2025 in Kraft treten. Sie schafft die nötigen gesetzlichen Grundlagen für die Einführung von international ausgerichteten, staatlichen Handelsgerichten. Bereits bisher konnten die Kantone Handelsgerichte errichten. In Zürich, St. Gallen, Bern und im Aargau bestehen solche Handelsgerichte seit vielen Jahren. Die Kantone erhalten neu die Kompetenz, das kantonale Handelsgericht in weiteren Fällen für zuständig zu erklären. Die Voraussetzungen dafür sind ein Streitwert von über CHF 100'000, mindestens eine Partei muss im Ausland ansässig sein, die geschäftliche Tätigkeit einer Partei betroffen sein, und es braucht die Zustimmung der Parteien zur Zuständigkeit des Handelsgerichts. Das Handelsgericht darf seine Zuständigkeit dann auch nicht ablehnen.

Zusätzlich attraktiv werden solche internationale Zivilverfahren durch die Aussicht, die Verfahren auf Englisch zu führen, was mit der ZPO-Revision ebenfalls ermöglicht wird. Ebenso kann das Urteil selbst in englischer Sprache abgefasst werden. Bereits jetzt wird es an vielen Gerichten als zulässig erachtet, Beilagen zu gerichtlichen Eingaben, wie etwa englische Verträge oder Korrespondenz unter den Parteien dem Gericht ohne Übersetzung einzureichen, soweit eine Übersetzung für den Bedarfsfall angeboten wird. Dies zeigt die Vertrautheit der Gerichte und Parteien im Umgang mit der englischen Sprache.

Darüber hinaus besteht für Parteien eines solchen internationalen Streits neu die Gelegenheit, eine Beschwerde an das Bundesgerichts in englischer Sprache zu erheben, was für Beschwerden gegen Schiedsentscheide bereits seit kurzem zulässig ist. Einzig das Urteil des Bundesgerichts in Lausanne ergeht weiterhin in einer Amtssprache.

Die Schweiz steht mit diesen Bestrebungen keineswegs allein. So haben etwa Singapur, Dubai, Amsterdam, Paris und London staatliche Gerichte formiert, die auf die Erledigung von internationalen Handelsstreitigkeiten spezialisiert sind. Die Schweiz mit ihrer soliden Reputation und Erfahrung scheint prädestiniert, eine ähnlich führende Rolle einzunehmen.

Im Kanton Zürich verfügen Streitparteien von Handelsstreitigkeiten mit dem Zürcher Handelsgericht über ein effizientes und professionell dotiertes Fachgericht. Die Fachrichter stammen aus den verschiedensten Berufsfeldern in Produktion, Dienstleistung und Handel. Sie können daher auch branchenspezifische Aspekte bei der Erledigung von Streitigkeiten angemessen berücksichtigen.

Schneller zum Urteil

Gemäss dem Rechenschaftsbericht des Obergerichts Zürich für das Jahr 2022, dem das Handelsgericht organisatorisch angegliedert ist, werden gut 72 Prozent aller dort hängigen Prozesse binnen weniger als einem Jahr erledigt. Gut die Hälfte der Fälle, nämlich 54 Prozent, sogar innerhalb von sechs Monaten. Hinzu kommt, dass bei Weiterzug eines Handelsgerichtsurteils ans Bundesgericht diese Beschwerdeverfahren vergleichsweise schnell entschieden werden: Gemäss dem Rechenschaftsbericht des Bundesgerichts für das Jahr 2022 wurden fast 90 Prozent aller Fälle innerhalb eines Jahres entschieden, 73 Prozent sogar innerhalb eines halben Jahres.

Für Gesellschaften mit Sitz in Zürich war das Handelsgericht bereits bisher zuständig für gerichtliche Auseinandersetzungen. Indem Verfahren in englischer Sprache geführt werden können, erweitert sich der Handlungsspielraum massgeblich. Insbesondere können in- und ausländische Parteien mit einer entsprechenden Wahl des Gerichts in ihren vertraglichen Vereinbarungen Einfluss darauf nehmen, in welcher Sprache das Verfahren abgewickelt werden soll. Die Attraktivität des Justizplatzes Zürich wird damit weiter gesteigert.

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Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey, Bernhard C. Lauterburg
Zeitung: Practical Law Country Guide
Lesezeit: 5 Min

Prozessführung und Vollstreckung in der Schweiz: Eine Übersicht

Ein Beitrag in Frage/Antwort-Form zu den wichtigsten zivilprozessualen Grundsätzen in der Schweiz.

Es werden u.a. folgende Themen behandelt: Gerichtsverfahren, Kosten, Prozessfinanzierung, vorsorgliche Massnahmen (inkl. Arrest), Edition von Unterlagen, Gutachten, Rechtsmittel, kollektiver Rechtsschutz, Vollstreckung, grenzüberschreitende Sachverhalte, alternative Streitbeilegungsmechanismen und kürzlich in Kraft getretene Gesetzesänderungen mit Auswirkungen auf dem Gebiet der Prozessführung.

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Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey, Bernhard C. Lauterburg

Internationale Schiedsverfahren in der Schweiz: Eine Übersicht

Ein Frage/Antwort Beitrag über die internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in der Schweiz.

Der länderspezifische Fragenkatalog gibt eine strukturierte Übersicht über die wichtigsten Aspekte der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in der Schweiz, darunter zu zwingenden Bestimmungen und ergänzendem Recht, Geheimhaltung, der Rolle von lokalen Gerichten bei der Unterstützung von Schiedsverfahren, über die Vollstreckung von Schiedsentscheiden und die vorhandenen Rechtsmittel sowie über kürzlich in Kraft getretene neue Bestimmungen mit der Möglichkeit der Unterstellung von Gesellschaftsstreitigkeiten unter ein Schiedsverfahren.

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Thema: Health and Medical Law
Autor: Marcel Frey, Christian Schönfeld, Andrea Schütz

Winner - Mondaq Thought Leadership Awards, Autumn 2023

Prager Dreifuss ist stolz mitteilen zu dürfen, dass unsere Kollegin Andrea Schütz und Kollegen Christian Schönfeld und Marcel Frey von Mondaq als Though Leaders auf dem Gebiet Food, Drugs, Healthcare und Life Sciences Schweiz im Rahmen ihrer Herbst 2023 Verleihung ausgezeichnet wurden.

Mondaq zeichnet mit der Verleihung die besten Autoren und Co-Autoren basierend auf der Gesamtleserschaft der letzten sechs Monate aus, und ermittelt ein Gesamtsieger für eine Reihe von Ländern und separate Auszeichnungen für mehrere Rechtsgebiete. Die Auszeichnung ist ein weiterer Beleg für unser Bestreben, unseren Kunden im Pharma- und Gesundheitssektor massgeschneiderte Lösungen höchster Qualität zu bieten.

Weitere Informationen unter: Medical Devices & Consumer Health Products 2022

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Thema: Banking & Finance
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey
Zeitung: IFLR
Lesezeit: 4 Min

IFLR – Schweiz: Gesetzesrevision mit Auswirkung auf interne Untersuchungen bei Banken und Finanzintermediären

Urs Feller und Marcel Frey analysieren die Auswirkungen der Revision der Schweizer Zivilprozessordnung mit Bezug auf das Anwaltsgeheimnis für Unternehmensjuristen während internen Untersuchungen unter zivil- und strafprozessualen Gesichtspunkten.

Urs Feller und Marcel Frey besprechen die möglichen Auswirkungen der Ausweitung des Anwaltsgeheimnisses auf Unternehmensjuristinnen und -juristen und was die ZPO-Revision in Zukunft für interne Untersuchungen bei Banken und Finanzintermediären bedeuten könnte. Es wird diskutiert, inwiefern eine interne Untersuchung durch den internen Rechtsdienst durchgeführt werden kann, und was die Vor- und Nachteile sind. Es werden Abgrenzungen adressiert zwischen der typischen Anwaltstätigkeit und solchen Aufgaben, welche Beaufsichtigte von Gesetzes wegen im Rahmen ihrer Compliance vornehmen müssen.

Detaillierte Informationen stehen im englischsprachigen PDF zum Download bereit.

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Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Marcel Frey
Lesezeit: 5 Min

Das lange Rennen von Caster Semenya: Europäisches Gericht für Menschenrechte rügt Schweizer Bundesgericht

Marcel Frey und Sapphire Graham besprechen einen kürzlich ergangenen Bundesgerichtsentscheid und im Anschluss daran ergangenen Entscheid des Europäischen Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte über die Teilnahmeberechtigung der olympischen Mittelstreckenläuferin Caster Semenya

Das Bundesgericht entschied im Sommer 2020, dass der Schiedsentscheid des Internationalen Sportschiedsgerichts zur Beschwerde der Mittelstreckenläuferin Caster Semenya, womit diese von der Teilnahme an gewissen Mittelstreckendisziplinen wegen ihrer Intergeschlechtlichkeit ausgeschlossen wurde, nicht gegen die Schweizer öffentliche Ordnung verstiess. Der Europäische Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte kam in seinem Entscheid vom Juli 2023 hingegen zum Schluss, dass die Athletin ihre Rechte im Schweizer Verfahren nur ungenügend ausüben konnte und eine effektive Überprüfung ihrer Beschwerde im vorliegenden Fall nicht möglich war.

Detaillierte Informationen stehen im englischsprachigen PDF zum Download bereit.

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Thema: Banking & Finance, Competition & Regulatory Matters, Corporate & M&A, Dispute Resolution
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey
Zeitung: PD Newsletter

ZPO Revision zu unternehmensinternen Rechtsdiensten

Urs Feller and Marcel Frey discuss the new provision on the privilege of inhouse counsel that will come into effect with the amendment of the Swiss Civil Procedure Code. In the article, they analyse the prerequisites that need to exist for inhouse counsel to invoke confidentiality and what effects this may have on compliance.

Thema: Corporate News
Autor: Marcel Frey, Gion Jegher, Bernhard C. Lauterburg
Lesezeit: 1 Min

Willem C. Vis Moot Court — Zweiter Probelauf bei Prager Dreifuss

Der zweite Moot Court in diesem Jahr bei Prager Dreifuss! Am 17. März 2023 gab es wieder eine Auseinandersetzung vor dem Schiedsgericht, der Fall war derselbe. Die Verhandlung begann mit dem Plädoyer der Beklagten – die staatliche Equatoriana Geoscience Ltd – vertreten durch Tsagaanlkham Badamkhand (prozessuale Fragen) und Iphigénie Carbonel (materielle Fragen) von der Universität Basel. Die Beklagte erklärte mit gut vorgetragenen Argumenten, weshalb das Schiedsgericht nicht zuständig sei.

Die Klägerin – Drohnenherstellerin Drone Eye plc – wurde durch Perla Bachmann (prozessuale Fragen) und Anaïs Frischknecht (materielle Fragen) von der Universität Zürich vertreten. Die Rechtsvertreterinnen der Klägerin argumentierten ebenfalls in allerbestem Englisch, schon die von den beiden Parteien eingereichten Schriftsätze waren auf höchstem Niveau. Im Zentrum der Debatte stand u.a. die zentrale Frage, was als Luftfahrzeug qualifiziert und deshalb vom Anwendungsbereich des Staatsvertrags zum internationalen Kaufrecht (CISG) ausgeschlossen ist. Die Studentinnen haben tief in Referenzurteilen recherchiert, bei denen es um Heissluftballons, Unterseeboote und Gebrauchtwagen ging.

Das Team der Universität Zürich konnte letztlich mit guten Argumenten und überzeugender Präsentation einen knappen Vorteil beim Schiedsgericht erlangen. Das Schiedsgericht bestand aus dem Vorsitzenden Marcel Frey sowie den beiden von den Parteien nominierten Schiedsrichtern Gion Jegher und Bernhard Lauterburg. Wir wünschen den beiden Teams viel Erfolg im Wettbewerb!

Thema: Corporate News
Autor: Marcel Frey, Gion Jegher, Bernhard C. Lauterburg
Lesezeit: 1 Min

Willem C. Vis Moot Court — Probelauf bei Prager Dreifuss

Endlich wieder ein studentischer Showdown im 6. Stock bei Prager Dreifuss! Am 8. März 2023 nahm die Klägerin, die Drohnenherstellerin Drone Eye plc, vertreten durch Filippo Börner (prozessuale Fragen) und Manuel Constam (materielle Fragen) von der Universität St. Gallen, an der mündlichen Verhandlung im Schiedsverfahren gegen die Beklagte, die staatliche Equatoriana Geoscience AG, vertreten durch Julia Bischof (prozessuale Fragen) und Alex Brückler (materielle Fragen) von der Universität Bern teil.

In der Sache will die Klägerin Schadenersatz aus dem Kauf- und Liefervertrag über 6 Aufklärungsdrohnen, den sie mit der Beklagten abgeschlossen hat. Neben Fragen der Zuständigkeit und des anwendbaren Rechts spielen aber auch Korruptions-, Betrugs- und Täuschungsvorwürfe sowie dubiose Machenschaften eine wichtige Rolle. Das St. Galler Team zeigte solide Aktenkenntnisse und kommunizierte anschaulich. Die Berner Studierenden konterten mit soliden technischen Details zu den Kaufobjekten und stellten sich tapfer dem Fragefeuerwerk des Schiedsgerichts.

Gut gemacht! Aber man kann immer wieder etwas Neues lernen. Die Parteivertreter konnten wertvolle Anregungen von den Schiedsrichtern mit nach Hause nehmen, die aber zu keinem einstimmigen Ergebnis kamen und daher beschlossen, das Preisgeld zu gleichen Teilen unter den beiden Teams aufzuteilen.

Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Marcel Frey, Reto M. Jenny

INDEPTH FEATURE: Commercial Arbitration 2023 – Switzerland

Reto M. Jenny und Marcel Frey geben in der aktuellen Ausgabe von "InDepth Feature: Commercial Arbitration" einen Überblick über Besonderheiten und aktuelle Entwicklungen zum Thema Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in der Schweiz.

Thema: Insolvency & Restructuring
Autor: Marcel Frey

Lawyer Monthly March 2023: Overcoming international debt collection in Switzerland

In diesem Artikel beschreibt Marcel Frey die technischen Feinheiten und Hindernisse, die sich einem Gläubiger in den Weg stellen könnten, wenn er einen Anspruch gegen einen Schweizer Schuldner oder gegen in der Schweiz gelegene Vermögenswerte durchzusetzen versucht und wie man am besten mit diesen umgeht.

Thema: Dispute Resolution, White Collar Crimes & Investigations
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey
Zeitung: PD Newsletter
Lesezeit: 5 Min

Einvernahmen von schweizerischen Zeugen in internationalen Zivilverfahren – Änderungen am gesetzgeberischen Horizont

Urs Feller und Marcel Frey stellen die jüngsten Vorschläge des Bundesamts für Justiz und Polizei vor, in Zukunft die Möglichkeit digitaler Zeugeneinvernahmen von in der Schweiz wohnhaften Parteien in Zivilverfahren einzuführen. Die Änderung sieht vor, dass die bisher mit der Notwendigkeit einer behördlichen Genehmigung im Rahmen von Rechtshilfeersuchen belastete Einvernahme durch eine reine Meldepflicht ersetzt wird, in der Hoffnung, den Zivilprozess in Zukunft zu vereinfachen.

Der Newsletter ist als PDF-Datei in englischer Sprache verfügbar.

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Thema: Health and Medical Law
Autor: Marcel Frey, Christian Schönfeld, Andrea Schütz
Zeitung: Chambers Global Practice Guide

Medical Devices & Consumer Health Products 2022: A Chambers Global Practice Guide Publication

After Switzerland's designation as a "third country" by the EU, the Swiss medtech industry faces two existential challenges. On the one hand, it must ensure the sustainable supply of medical devices to the Swiss population. On the other hand, it must maintain the competitiveness and innovative strength of Switzerland in the global medical market. This article illustrates the challenges but also the opportunities for the Swiss and foreign medtech industry related to the "third country" status of Switzerland.

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Thema: Corporate News
Autor: Marcel Frey, Gion Jegher, Bernhard C. Lauterburg

Vis Moot Court # 2 — Neuer Probelauf bei Prager Dreifuss

Am Mittwoch, 16. März 2022 kam es zur zweiten Verhandlung innerhalb einer Woche im Zürcher Büro von Prager Dreifuss. Mangels Corona-Implikationen erschienen die Parteivertreter der Klägerin, Studentinnen von der Universität Zürich (Lara Langer und Hadjar Sbaih), und der Beklagten, Studentinnen von der Universität Luzern (Asia Ponti und Andrea Greub), dieses Mal persönlich vor Ort:

Wiederum bildeten unsere Anwälte Marcel Frey (Vorsitz), Gion Jegher und Bernhard Lauterburg das Schiedsgericht. Sie stellten den Parteivertreterinnen eine Fülle unangenehmer Fragen. Die jungen Jurastudentinnen warteten aber mit guten Antworten auf und zeigten dabei ihre profunden Kenntnisse der Schiedsakten und der anwendbaren Rechtsquellen. Das Schiedsgericht war tief beeindruckt von der fachlichen Versiertheit der vier Studentinnen. Ihr einziger Rat an die neue Generation: Mehr Engagement und weniger Worte sind manchmal mehr. Das Verdikt am Ende: Ein knapper Sieg für Luzern.

Thema: Corporate News
Autor: Marcel Frey, Gion Jegher, Bernhard C. Lauterburg

Vis Moot Court — Probelauf bei Prager Dreifuss

Halb-virtuelle Verhandlung mit den Beklagten von der Universität Basel (Roger Reschek und Océane Kessler) und den Klägern der Universität St. Gallen (Damian Wyss und Jens Neese) am Montag, 14. März 2022, im Zürcher Büro von Prager Dreifuss:

Ein Covid-Kontakt zwang das Basler Team zum Rückzug und forderte uns heraus, kurzfristig eine alternative Möglichkeit für die Verhandlung zu finden. Dank unseres IT-Helden Patrick Schmidhalter konnten wir einen hybriden Gerichtssaal vorbereiten, in dem die Beklagtenvertreter (Basel) am Bildschirm und der Klägervertreter (St. Gallen) persönlich anwesend war. Unsere Anwälte Marcel Frey (Vorsitzender), Gion Jegher und Bernhard Lauterburg bildeten das Schiedsgericht. Sie waren tief beeindruckt von den fachlichen Sprachkenntnissen und den überzeugenden Argumenten der vier Jurastudenten, die als Parteivertreter auftraten. Während das St. Galler Team einen leichten Vorteil im Raum hatte, wurde dem Basler Team der digitale Nachteil angerechnet. Das Verdikt am Ende: ein verdientes Unentschieden.

Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey

Chambers Europe 2021 Overview

Urs Feller und Marcel Frey zeigen in diesem Beitrag die laufenden Vorbereitungen für die Errichtung eines oder mehrerer Internationaler Handelsgerichte in der Schweiz auf und gehen auf die Vorteile ein. Die Autoren legen zudem die Voraussetzungen, die Kosten, die Prozessdauer sowie effiziente Streitbeilegungsoptionen des neuen Gerichts dar.

Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey, Bernhard C. Lauterburg
Zeitung: Thomson Reuters Practical Law
Lesezeit: 7 Min

Zivilprozess und Vollstreckung in der Schweiz: Übersicht

Ein Beitrag in Frage/Antwort-Form zu den wichtigsten zivilprozessualen Grundsätzen in der Schweiz; u.a. werden folgende Themen behandelt: Gerichtsverfahren, Kosten, Prozessfinanzierung, vorsorgliche Massnahmen (inkl. Arrestverfahren), Edition von Unterlagen, Gutachten, Rechtsmittel, kollektiver Rechtsschutz, Vollstreckung, grenzüberschreitende Sachverhalte, alternative Streitbeilegungsmechanismen und Reformvorschläge.

 

Label: Highlight
Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Marcel Frey, Bernhard C. Lauterburg
Zeitung: IFLR
Lesezeit: 5 Min

Sun Yang und das Schweizerische Internationale Schiedsgerichtsrecht

Bernhard Lauterburg und Marcel Frey von Prager Dreifuss zeigen auf, wie das Bundesgericht einen CAS Entscheid, womit eine achtjährige Dopingsperre gegen einen chinesischen Schwimmer verhängt worden war, aufgehoben hat, nachdem Umstände ans Licht kamen, welche den Ausschluss eines Schiedsrichters rechtfertigten. (Originaltext in Englisch)

Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey, Bernhard C. Lauterburg
Zeitung: Thomson Reuters Practical Law

Internationale Schiedsverfahren in der Schweiz – Übersicht über Verfahren und Praxis

Ein Frage/Antwort Beitrag über die internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in der Schweiz. Der länderspezifische Fragenkatalog gibt eine strukturierte Übersicht über die wichtigsten Aspekte der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in dieser Jurisdiktion, darunter zu zwingenden Bestimmungen und ergänzendem Recht, Geheimhaltung, der Rolle von lokalen Gerichten bei der Unterstützung von Schiedsverfahren, über die Vollstreckung von Schiedsentscheiden und die vorhandenen Rechtsmittel sowie über die kürzlich in Kraft getretenen neuen Bestimmungen zum internationalen Schiedsverfahrensrecht in der Schweiz.

Thema: Litigation
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey, Michaela Kappeler
Zeitung: PD Newsletter
Lesezeit: 3 Min

Brexit – Vollstreckung von Urteilen und Gerichtsstandsklauseln aus Schweizer Sicht

Sofern das Vereinigte Königreich und die Europäische Union bis Ende 2020 sich nicht auf die Folgen des EU Austritts einigen, wird ein no-deal Brexit die Realität. Vor dem Hintergrund, dass auch die Schweiz kein EU-Mitgliedstaat ist, gibt der vorliegende Newsletter eine vorläufige Einschätzung darüber, wie ein no-deal Brexit die Vollstreckung von Urteilen und Umsetzung von Gerichtsstandsklauseln aus Schweizer Sicht ab dem 1. Januar 2021 beeinflussen könnte, wenn ein no-deal Brexit in neuen Jahr tatsächlich eintritt.

Volltext in Englisch.

1. The role of the Lugano Convention

The Lugano Convention on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters of October 30, 2007 applies to issues of jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judgments in most private law disputes where involving member states of the EU and, inter alia, Switzerland. Pursuant to its purpose to facilitate the recognition of "European" judgments, authentic instruments and court settlements and introducing an expeditious procedure for securing the enforcement of such judgments, it has become the primary multi-state treaty in the European civil procedure realm since its inception.

Despite the UK's departure from the EU on January 31, 2020, the Lugano Convention is still applicable with respect to the UK during the Brexit transition period. Unless the UK and the EU can put a new agreement in place by the end of the year, there may be some noteworthy repercussions for dispute parties residing in the UK going forward. Though not at the forefront of the minds of affected businesses and individuals concerned about future trade conditions between the EU and the UK, dispute settlement is intrinsically linked to international trade.

There are efforts underfoot on the UK side to join the Lugano Convention as a separate contracting party in its own right. However, even if the UK does become a party to the Lugano Convention, it is very unlikely that such a transition will occur with some temporary interruptions begging the question, what will happen in the interim.

2. Applicable rules in Switzerland after December 31, 2020 in a no-deal scenario

If the Lugano Convention were to become inapplicable (for any amount of time) between the UK and Switzerland, Swiss courts will in all likelihood apply the Swiss Private International Law Act when determining issues of enforcement and jurisdiction. As a result, the enforcement in Switzerland of UK judgements rendered from January 1, 2021 will become more difficult, opening judgements to significant greater degrees of review, than under the present situation under the Lugano regime. Contrary to current practice, for example, foreign ex parte judgments and UK declaratory judgments would not be enforceable under the Swiss Private International Law Act and proof of proper service and foreign jurisdiction must be observed in more detail.

Based on the principles of legal certainty, droits acquis and the common rule that new provision should not have retroactive effect, the Swiss legal and government stance is that the enforcement of UK judgements rendered prior to the exit day or the end of the Brexit transition period, respectively, would still be governed by the Lugano Convention. This was confirmed by a current decision of the Zurich High Court (an appeal to the Swiss Federal Court against this decision is pending).

The situation is however unclear for judgments rendered after exit day or the end of the Brexit transition period, respectively, but based on proceedings instituted prior to exit day or the end of the Brexit transition period, respectively. The Swiss Federal Office of Justice is, based on the principles mentioned above, of the opinion that in such a case the Lugano Convention will continue to apply despite the fact that the UK is no longer bound by or not yet a party to the treaty.

With respect to jurisdiction clauses, the Lugano Convention remains applicable even after a no-deal Brexit as long as one of the parties is domiciled in a state bound by the Lugano Convention and the jurisdiction of a court in a state bound by the Lugano Convention is agreed to. This means that in case of parties domiciled in UK and Switzerland agreeing that a Swiss court is competent, the Lugano Convention still governs the jurisdiction clause. Based on the Swiss understanding, irrespective of the Lugano Convention or the Swiss Private International Law Act being applicable, the territorial jurisdiction of a court remains fixed after a court action is pending. This should leave suits commenced prior to the exit date or the end of the Brexit transition period, respectively, unaffected. Note in this regard, that the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements is not applicable between Switzerland and the UK as Switzerland is not a contracting party to this treaty.

3. Outlook

Entering into new international contracts with Swiss links or battling with enforcing existing foreign verdicts in Switzerland in the present uncertain times may prove challenging. Some degree of mitigation may be secured by considering jurisdiction clauses or, depending on the case, seeking certainty in arbitration. We are happy to assist UK clients (or from elsewhere) in both regards.

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Thema: Covid 19
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey, Thierry Steib
Zeitung: PD Newsletter
Lesezeit: 5 Min

Corona Ausnahmen vor Gericht oder doch nicht?

Mit seiner COVID-19-Verordnung Justiz und Verfahrensrecht vom 16. April 2020 erliess der Bundesrat die erforderlichen Normen im Zivil- sowie im Betreibungs- und Konkursverfahren, welche es den Justizbehörden erlauben, während der COVID Pandemie effizient mit Zivilverfahren umzugehen.

Diese COVID-19-Verordung hatte ursprünglich ein Gültigkeit bis zum 30. September 2020. Der Bundesrat hat die Geltung dieser Verordnung nun gestützt auf das COVID-19-Gesetz vom 25. September 2020 bis am 31. Dezember 2021 verlängert.

Der Oktober Newsletter gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der befristet geltenden Normen.

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Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey, Nina Lim
Zeitung: The Lawyer
Lesezeit: 5 Min

‘One for all’, or arbitration clauses with effect for unconcluded contracts?

Recent decision in Switzerland should be noted by counsel

Introduction
The highest court of Switzerland recently issued a decision on the contentious topic of how to treat arbitration clauses contained in a multi-contractual party framework.
 

Facts of the case

The claimant in the arbitration proceedings (and respondent of the appeal proceedings before the Federal Tribunal), a German manufacturer, sought damages from the South Korea-based defendant (and appellant) in connection with a tender offered dby the claimant for the delivery of thin-film mtransistors. After a lengthy negotiation phase, the defendant was awarded the contract. During the negotiations, the claimant and defendant had exchanged various communication papers, including a corporate agreement (CA), the claimant’s general terms of purchase (ToP) and a quality assurance agreement (QAA). 

While the parties eventually reached an agreement and signed the QAA, neither the CA nor the ToP were ever formally signed. All three contracts contained arbitration clauses in favour of ICC arbitration proceedings with the place of arbitration being in Zurich. After several attempts to reach an agreement on the remaining open issues, the defendant informed the claimant that it was abandoning the project and that the claimant would need to look for another supplier. The claimant refused to accept this, commenced the arbitration and filed dfor damages. In its partial award of June 2019, the tribunal  found that (i) it had jurisdiction and (ii) that the defendant was liable in principle.

Proceedings before the Federal Tribunal

The defendant lodged an appeal requesting the Federal Tribunal to set aside the award by the tribunal, arguing that the arbitral tribunal lacked jurisdiction to adjudicate the dispute. The question to be decided by the Federal Tribunal was whether the arbitration clause contained in the concluded QAA also captured disputes which had their origin in other agreements, which had not actually been signed.

Reasoning by the Federal Tribunal – interpretation of QAA clause

The Federal Tribunal held that when interpreting an arbitration clause, the court must take into account its legal nature. In particular, it needs to be considered that the waiver of recourse to state courts everely restricts the parties’ legal remedies. For this reason, such a waiver may not be assumed lightly. In instances of doubt, the courts must favour a restrictive interpretation of the clause. However, where an interpretation established that the parties’ intent was to exclude state jurisdiction, but there existed disagreement regarding the details of the arbitration procedure, the principle of utility needed to be applied; i.e. once it is established that the parties did agree to vest jurisdiction in an arbitral tribunal, there is no reason to interpret an arbitration clause narrowly.

The Federal Tribunal went on to find that the interpretation of an arbitration clause follows the generally applicable principles of interpretation governing private declarations of intent. Firstly, the common and actual intent of the parties had to be ascertained. Where an actual intent could not be ascertained, the arbitration clause had to be interpreted based on the principle of reliance; i.e. the presumed intent of the parties needed to be determined based on what could and should have been understood by the respective declarations in good faith under the prevailing circumstances.

In the case at hand, the arbitration clause in the QAA provided that “contract disputes” had to be submitted to arbitration. According to the Federal Tribunal, the term “contract disputes” did not mean that the parties only wanted to submit disputes arising directly from the QAA to arbitration, but that disputes concerning the actual obligation to deliver the transistors were also included. Even though the parties had also envisaged arbitration clauses in the CA and ToP, this did not mean that the parties intended to introduce separate dispute resolution mechanisms for each separate claim.

On the contrary, the Federal Tribunal found that from an objective point of view, the parties had intended to subject all issues arising out of the delivery relationship to arbitration. The appeal was therefore rejected.

Conclusion

Even if not all contracts within a larger contractual framework are actually signed, counsel should be aware that an arbitral tribunal may well find dthat it has jurisdiction over all disputes arising from the entire business relationship.

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Thema: Covid 19
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey, Thierry Steib
Zeitung: PD Newsletter

Auswirkungen des Coronavirus auf Schweizer Zivilverfahren

Gestützt auf die verfassungsmässige Ermächtigung Notverordnungen zu erlassen, hat der Bundesrat am 16. April 2020 die "Verordnung über Massnahmen in der Justiz und im Verfahrensrecht im Zusammenhang mit dem Coronavirus" verabschiedet. Die Verordnung hält insbesondere die Voraussetzungen und Möglichkeiten für die Durchführung von Telefon- und Videokonferenzen in Zivilverfahren fest. Die Bestimmungen sind am 20. April 2020 in Kraft getreten und dauern voraussichtlich bis zum 30. September 2020.

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Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey
Zeitung: The Lawyer
Lesezeit: 5 Min

Admissible and Inadmissible complaints in Swiss Arbitration

Swiss Supreme Court finds stribunal overstepped the bounds of its competency

Introduction
In its decision 4A_294/2019 and 4A_296/2019 of November 13, 2019, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court, acting as sole court of appeal in arbitration matters, had to examine whether an award rendered by a Swiss arbitral tribunal was to be considered being extra petita. In one of the rare cases of an award being overturned, the court found that the tribunal had partially overstepped the bounds of its competency.

Facts of the matter

A Turkish company (Respondent 2) had undertaken to supply 60 armoured vehicles to a department of the Turkish Interior Ministry. Respondent 2 appointed another Turkish company (Respondent 1) as its subcontractor. The latter in turn commissioned an Israel-based company, (the Claimant) to develop, manufacture and supply these vehicles. 

The agreement between Respondent 1 and the Claimant contained an arbitration clause and a choice of law in favour of Swiss law. Owing to a later amendment agreement, respondent 2 was joined to the contract as a further party. Thereafter, differences sof opinion arose about the performance of the contract and Claimant initiated arbitration proceedings against both Respondents. The Respondents and the Claimant brought the award before the Swiss Supreme Court.

Proceedings before the Supreme Court

The Claimant argued that the arbitral tribunal had made an award extra petita. It claimed that it had requested a declaratory judgment on whether the Respondents were jointly and severally liable for the damages resulting from alleged breaches of contract. Rather than issuing a declaratory award, the Claimant argued that the tribunal had awarded damages in the amount of $1.6m, although this had never been pleaded by the Claimant.

The Supreme Court differentiated dthat a decision was not ultra or extra petita where a tribunal merely assesses differently ythe claim being sued for, so long as the award remains covered by the pleas. At the same time, the arbitral tribunal was bound by a limitation made by a party in its request. A tribunal thus decides extra petita where it orders performance instead of issuing a declaratory award. The Claimant’s appeal was upheld in this regard.

The Claimant had also argued that it had requested a determination of the Respondents’ liability for damages resulting from the use of know-how in breach of the agreement. However, the tribunal had – in the view of the Claimant – gone beyond that plea by examining the existence of damages. The Claimant argued that the tribunal should have ended its examination after having found a breach of contract, since otherwise it would have assessed a claim for damages that had not been submitted.

In this regard, the Supreme Court found that the Claimant’s argument did not hold. It found that the award by the tribunal criticised by the Claimant, “the Tribunal declares that: […] the Respondents are not liable to compensate the Claimant in respect of such infringement of IP Rights and Know How related to the Vehicle”, could 
not be deemed to constitute an unsolicited performance award. Rather, the Supreme Court found that by issuing a negative declaratory decision, a competence not disputed by the Claimant, the tribunal was well within the plea of the Claimant. The court held that the Claimant had only criticized the reasoning of the arbitral award. This, however, did not amount to a violation of the principle “ne eat iudex ultra petita partium”.

Conclusion

Though occurring rarely (less than 10 per cent of the matters brought to the Supreme Court), this case is one of the few instances where the Supreme Court stepped in and set aside certain parts of a Swiss arbitration award. One should note that the grounds for the Supreme Court to intervene in arbitration matters are very limited: (i) incorrect constitution of tribunal, (ii) wrongful acceptance or refusal of jurisdiction, (iii) ruling on an issue not submitted, (iv) violation the principle of equal treatment of the parties, or (v) of international public policy. So once rendered, Swiss arbitration awards are tough to turn over – a certainty sought by many parties resorting to arbitration.
 

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Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey, Bernhard C. Lauterburg
Zeitung: Thomson Reuters Practical Law
Lesezeit: 30 Min

Litigation and enforcement in Switzerland: overview

A Q&A guide to dispute resolution law in Switzerland.

The country-specific Q&A gives a structured overview of the key practical issues concerning dispute resolution in this jurisdiction, including court procedures; fees and funding; interim remedies (including attachment orders); disclosure; expert evidence; appeals; class actions; enforcement; cross-border issues; the use of ADR; and any reform proposals.

To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions visit the Litigation and enforcement Country Q&A tool.

This Q&A is part of the global guide to dispute resolution. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit global.practicallaw.com/dispute-guide.

Main dispute resolution methods

1. What are the main dispute resolution methods used in your jurisdiction to resolve large commercial disputes?

In Switzerland, large commercial disputes are usually brought before the ordinary courts or, particularly in international contexts, settled through arbitration.

Mediation is sought occasionally, however still to a lesser extent (see Question 30). The cantons of Zurich, Berne, Saint Gallen and Aargau have long-established, specialised, efficient and highly regarded commercial courts (Handelsgericht) which attain high settlement rates (see Question 3).

Ordinary proceedings before the Swiss courts are adversarial in nature. The court manages the timeline and the evidence procedure. It forms its opinion based on its free assessment of the evidence taken. As a rule, a claimant will succeed with its claim if it can fully convince the court of all factual requirements of its entitlement.

Before the state courts, there is no availability for online dispute resolution.

Court litigation

Limitation periods

2. What limitation periods apply to bringing a claim and what triggers a limitation period?

Limitation periods are a matter of substantive civil law, most of which are found in the Code of Obligations (CO).

Recently, the Federal Government made proposals to simplify and harmonise the limitation periods. Legislation has been amended accordingly (see also Question 35). The revised CO comes into effect at the beginning of 2020.

The revised CO provides for the following limitation periods:

  • A general statutory limitation period of ten years for all claims (unless federal law prescribes a different limitation period).
  • Five years for claims which by their nature require quick settlement, such as claims:
    • for rent, interest or other periodic payments;
    • by tradesmen, craftsmen and for medical treatment;
    • relating to the sale of foodstuffs and payments for board and lodging;
    • relating to the work of tradesmen and craftsmen but also legal counsel and notaries;
    • of employees.
  • Tort claims will become time-barred after three years calculated from the day on which the injured party has knowledge of the damage and the injuring party. A tort claim will become unenforceable owing to the statute of limitations after ten years from the date of injury. Where a criminal action coincides with the wrongful death and bodily injury, the latest time of assertion for a claim to be made is twenty years after the injury. Where a tort claim is derived from an offence for which the criminal law envisages a longer limitation period, the longer period is also applicable to the tort claim.
  • Claims based on unjust enrichment also become time-barred after three years after the date on which the injured party becomes aware of its claim, but in any event, ten years after the claim first arose.

Court structure

3. In which court are large commercial disputes usually brought? Are certain types of disputes allocated to particular divisions of this court?

The Code on Civil Procedure requires the cantons to provide a double instance system within their judiciary. All cantons must establish a higher court for first (full) appellate review of first instance cantonal judgments. First and second instance courts are usually comprised of a three-member bench. There are no trials by jury. Commercial disputes are usually brought before the commercial court (see below), if such a special court is established in the canton in which the defendant is resident.

The highest court in Switzerland is the Federal Supreme Court (Supreme Court), which can review, in law, final judgments of the cantonal high courts.

Exceptions to the principle of double instance at cantonal level apply in the following circumstances.

Commercial Court

Under the Code on Civil Procedure, the cantons are free to set-up a commercial court with sole jurisdiction for commercial disputes in their territory. Decisions by such commercial courts are appealable only to the Supreme Court. A dispute is deemed commercial if all the following conditions are satisfied:

  • The dispute concerns the commercial activity of at least one of the parties.
  • The decision is appealable to the Supreme Court owing to the amount in dispute, that is at least CHF30,000.
  • The parties are registered in the Swiss commercial register or a similar foreign registry. Where only the defendant is registered in the commercial register, a claimant can choose to lodge its suit either before the commercial court (where the canton has established one) or with the competent ordinary first instance court.

Sole cantonal instance

As a matter of federal law, the cantons must designate within their court system a court of exclusive first instance jurisdiction for disputes relating to certain specialised areas of law, such as:

  • Certain intellectual property rights.
  • Competition law and unfair competition.
  • The use of company names.
  • Claims against the federal government.
  • Claims relating to collective investment schemes.

Patent claims

The federal legislator has also established the Federal Patent Court to serve as a court of exclusive first instance jurisdiction for the whole of Switzerland in relation to patent infringement and patent validity matters.

The answers to the following questions relate to procedures that apply in the ordinary civil courts.

Rights of audience

4. Which types of lawyers have rights of audience to conduct cases in courts where large commercial disputes are usually brought? What requirements must they meet? Can foreign lawyers conduct cases in these courts?

Rights of audience/requirements

In principle, Swiss courts do not require a party to be represented by an attorney. However, owing to the complexity of procedural rules, most parties in commercial disputes seek professional counsel to assist them.

Attorneys registered with one of the cantonal attorney registers can appear before any Swiss court. To register, attorneys must be admitted to the bar in one of the Swiss cantons.

Foreign lawyers

Attorneys from an EU member state or the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), who have registered with an EU or EFTA attorney register, can appear before Swiss courts either:

  • Temporarily, based on the freedom to provide services. The EU or EFTA attorney is free to provide services without registration if done for 90 days per year or less in Switzerland. Professional activities lasting longer than 90 days require the EU or EFTA attorney to co-operate with a registered Swiss attorney.
  • Permanently, if they register with the attorney register at the place where they practise. The EU or EFTA attorney can then practice freely, provided he or she appears before the Swiss court under his or her original EU or EFTA title.
  • An EU or EFTA attorney can also register in one of the cantonal attorney registers and adopt the local title if he or she has practised in Switzerland for three years under his or her original title or has passed a qualification exam.

Fees and funding

5. What legal fee structures can be used? Are fees fixed by law?

Attorneys ' fees can be freely arranged between lawyers and their clients and hourly rates depending on the experience level are the norm. Contingency fees are not permitted. However, conditional fee arrangements providing for a bonus in the case of successful litigation are permitted if the base fee for the attorney provides a reasonable income. Moreover, such an agreement needs to be made at the very beginning of the matter or after the matter is concluded. Party costs and court fees are calculated according to cantonal statutory rules and depend on the value in dispute.

6. How is litigation usually funded? Can third parties fund it? Is insurance available for litigation costs?

Funding

Parties usually finance litigation privately. If successful, a party may recover costs from its opponent. Cost calculations are based on cantonal statutory tariffs and may not fully cover actual expenses.

A party can apply to the court to waive its court fees and to have a state-funded attorney assist it if it does not have sufficient funds to cover proceedings in addition to its basic needs, and the court does not view the matter as futile. A new application must be submitted for appeals proceedings.

There are a few third-party funding providers in Switzerland and their services are becoming increasingly popular. Their services usually involve handing over a share of the claimed amount in successful proceedings. Such services are permitted as long as the attorney remains independent and free from influence in the execution of his/her mandate. Furthermore, the lawyer is not allowed to participate in the funding. The Supreme Court has found that informing a client about the options of third-party funding can form part of the diligent performance of their mandate.

Insurance

Legal insurance is increasingly popular. Several large, and some specialised, insurance companies offer insurance for litigation costs.

Court proceedings

Confidentiality

7. Are court proceedings confidential or public? If public, are the proceedings or any information kept confidential in certain circumstances?

The Code on Civil Procedure requires civil law court proceedings and the delivery of judgments to be public. However, public interest in commercial cases is usually limited. Copies of judgments of the second instance courts and the Federal Tribunal can be requested by anyone and are frequently published online (in anonymised form). Briefs and documents filed by the parties and the court 's deliberations are kept confidential. The court is authorised to partially or entirely exclude the public from certain proceedings (such as family matters) if this is in the public interest or, on application by a party, in the protected interest of a concerned person (for example, trade secrets). Pre-trial conciliation hearings and judicial settlement hearings are not open to the public.

Pre-action conduct

8. Does the court impose any rules on the parties in relation to pre-action conduct? If yes, are there penalties for failing to comply?

There are no specific pre-action conduct rules, except that the parties must personally attend the conciliation hearing before the conciliation authority if both:

  • A conciliation hearing is required by statute.
  • Their place of residency or incorporation is in the same canton as the place where the conciliation hearing takes place.

Failure of the defendant to attend the conciliation hearing has no direct consequences but merely entitles the claimant to receive the authorisation to proceed and to bring its claim before the court. A party failing to institute compulsory conciliation proceedings will not be admitted by the court with its claim.

Main stages

9. What are the main stages of typical court proceedings?

Starting proceedings

Court proceedings normally start with a request for a conciliation hearing before the conciliation authority, causing lis pendens (suit pending). Whilst request by e-mail submission are possible using a specialised software by the post, most requests for conciliation are still submitted in hard copy.

A claimant must file the lawsuit directly with the competent court without first requesting a conciliation hearing, among other things, in cases where:

  • The dispute must be brought before a sole cantonal instance (see Question 3, Sole cantonal instance).
  • Divorce proceedings are at stake.
  • Proceedings concern certain actions filed under the Federal Debt Enforcement and Bankruptcy Act or in summary proceedings (applications for provisional measures such as the seizure of property and freezing of bank accounts).
  • A court has ordered a claim to be filed within a certain time period.

A claimant can also forego the conciliation proceedings if the defendant has a foreign domicile.

The conciliation request must include the name of the defendant, the remedy sought and a general description of the matter in dispute. If the parties fail to agree on a settlement, the conciliation authority will issue the authorisation to proceed permitting the claimant to bring the dispute before the competent district court within three months. Failure to submit the statement of claim within three months has no res judicata consequence. However, a claimant would have to go through the conciliation procedure again before he can take the matter to court.

Notice to the defendant and defence

Once the claimant has submitted the statement of claim, the court sends a copy of the statement to the defendant and usually orders the claimant to advance the court fees. After payment, the court orders the defendant to file a statement of defence within 20 days. Filing periods can be extended twice on reasoned application for further periods of 20 days depending on the complexity of the matter. Occasionally, the court will set one single long (unextendible) deadline.

If the defendant fails to submit a statement of defence in time, the court will either:

  • Grant a short extension to the defendant and, in the case of a repeated failure to submit a statement of defence, proceed to the main hearing.
  • If the matter is ready for decision, render its judgment.

Subsequent stages

The subsequent stages of proceedings normally take place by exchange of written, non-electronic filings as hard copy records are required by the courts.

A claimant has the right to reply to a statement of defence. The timing of reply and the method of presenting it depend on how the court intends to proceed in the matter. If the court deems it necessary, it can do one of the following:

  • Order the parties to file a written reply and rejoinder respectively.
  • Schedule a preparatory hearing where the parties submit their reply and rejoinder orally.
  • Directly proceed to the main hearing with the parties submitting their reply and rejoinder orally.

The parties can introduce new facts and evidence with their reply and rejoinder.

Litigants should be aware that pleading new facts and introducing additional evidence at the main hearing is only permitted under very limited circumstances if a second exchange of briefs or a preparatory hearing with oral reply and rejoinder preceded the main hearing.

In relation to contentious facts, the court allocates the burden of proof according to substantive law and specifies which means of evidence will be permitted (for example, party statements, documents, witness testimony and expert opinions). On closing of the evidence hearing, the parties submit their closing arguments including a single rebuttal, following which the court renders its decision. At any stage of the proceedings, the court can propose the parties to hold settlement talks. The Commercial Court of the Canton of Zurich has a standing practice of holding intense settlement talks after the first exchange of briefs and manages to settle about two-thirds of all cases coming before it.

Interim remedies

10. What steps can a party take for a case to be dismissed before a full trial? On what grounds can such applications be brought? What is the applicable procedure?

Conditions for trial

A court will only hear a dispute if it enjoys jurisdiction (both in relation to the subject matter and locality), which it examines ex officio. The court also examines at the outset whether the suit has been properly lodged (that is, following conciliation hearings) and whether the correct type of proceeding (ordinary, summary or simplified proceeding) has been chosen. If any of these conditions are not satisfied, the claimant is normally granted a short period of time to rectify any remediable mistakes and to re-file the claim. Otherwise, the case is not admitted.

Preliminary questions

The court can, on application and at its discretion, render a judgment on a contested preliminary question (for example, jurisdiction or the standing of a party) if this may result in substantive cost and time savings. Typically, such preliminary issues will turn on jurisdiction or prescription matters. These judgments must be appealed immediately.

11. Can a defendant apply for an order for the claimant to provide security for its costs? If yes, on what grounds?

Unless an applicable treaty provides otherwise, the defendant can apply to the court to order the claimant to provide security for its costs if one of the following applies:

  • The claimant has no domicile or registered office in Switzerland.
  • The claimant appears insolvent.
  • The claimant still owes court or party costs from a previous trial.
  • Other reasons exist indicating that defendant 's costs may be at risk.

International treaties may prohibit Swiss courts from requiring a claimant to secure costs. For example, the Lugano Convention on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters 2007 does not permit the court to order security for the defendant 's costs if the claimant has no domicile or registered office in Switzerland.

12. What are the rules concerning interim injunctions granted before a full trial?

Availability and grounds

Interim relief can be sought before proceedings begin or at any later stage during the proceedings. If interim relief is sought before lis pendens, the court sets a deadline for the petitioner to file suit (no conciliation proceedings required). Swiss law distinguishes between interim relief measures aimed at securing monetary claims and measures dealing with non-monetary matters.

Claims for money may be secured by applying for an attachment order under the Federal Debt Enforcement and Bankruptcy Act (see Question 13, Availability and grounds). All other interim measures are governed by the Code on Civil Procedure. For the latter, the applicant must credibly show, but not prove, both that:

  • There is a realistic and imminent threat of, or actual injury, causing irreparable harm unless the injunction is granted.
  • The underlying cause of action is likely to prevail on the merits.

The court can order the applicant to post security.

Interim relief can take the form of mandatory or prohibitory interim injunctions, such as:

  • A cease and desist order.
  • An order to perform an action or rectify a situation.
  • An order prohibiting a person from disposing of certain items.
  • An order that certain entries be taken on record in a public registry.
  • An order to a bank that certain bank accounts be frozen.

Prior notice/same-day

Normally, a request for interim relief is followed by a hearing at which the court renders its decision. In urgent cases, interim relief may be ordered by the court in ex parte proceedings, usually within 24 hours. If such order is granted, it is followed by an oral hearing at a short notice.

Mandatory injunctions

Mandatory interim injunctions are available in addition to prohibitory interim injunctions (see above, Availability and grounds).

Right to vary or discharge order and appeals

Interim orders by a first instance court are subject to appeal to the cantonal high court. The defendant can request the discharge or modification of the order. A high court decision can be further appealed to the Federal Tribunal if either:

  • The appellant was otherwise to suffer harm, which would be difficult to rectify if the appeal was not granted.
  • The decision by the Federal Tribunal can immediately lead to a final decision, thereby avoiding long and costly evidence proceedings.

13. What are the rules relating to interim attachment orders to preserve assets pending judgment or a final order (or equivalent)?

Availability and grounds

To secure monetary claims before a trial or in debt enforcement proceedings, creditors can apply for the attachment of a debtor 's assets for the whole territory of Switzerland. Creditors must show to the court:

  • That they have outstanding debts against the debtor.
  • The existence of a statutory ground for attachment.
  • The existence of assets and their location.

There are six grounds on which attachment of assets can be sought:

  • The debtor has no permanent residence in Switzerland.
  • The debtor is attempting to conceal assets or is planning to leave Switzerland to evade the fulfilment of its obligations.
  • The debtor is travelling through Switzerland or conducts business on trade fairs, if the claim must be settled immediately.
  • The debtor does not reside in Switzerland and no other ground for attachment is available, if the claim has sufficient connection with Switzerland or is based on recognition of debt.
  • The creditor holds a provisional or definitive certificate of shortfall against the debtor.
  • The creditor holds a definitive enforceable title permitting him to have any objection by the debtor set aside (definitiver Rechtsöffnungstitel).

Unless the creditor has already commenced debt enforcement proceedings (Betreibung) or filed an action to obtain an enforceable title, he must do so within ten days of service of the copy of the attachment order. If the debtor objects to the summons to pay, the creditor must, within ten days of service of the objection, request the court to have the objection set aside or pursue his claim in ordinary court proceedings.

Prior notice/same-day

Attachment orders are granted by the court without notice to the other party. The other party must file an objection within ten days of learning of the attachment.

Main proceedings

In the main enforcement proceedings (Rechtsöffnungsverfahren), the applicant must demonstrate that their title, based on which they are seeking enforcement of their claim, is valid. The debtor 's challenges are limited to arguments that the claim has in the meantime been discharged, deferred or has lapsed.

If attachment is sought based on a decision rendered by a competent court of a Lugano Convention signatory state, the Swiss court seized with the request for attachment will in the same proceeding also render a decision on the enforceability of the foreign judgment without hearing the other party. The other party can then file an objection against:

  • The declaration of enforceability within 30 days (if resident in Switzerland) or 60 days (if resident in another Lugano Convention signatory state).
  • The attachment within ten days of learning of it.

Preferential right or lien

An applicant who has secured the attachment of assets does not enjoy preferential rights or lien in relation to the attached property. An applicant must follow the ordinary debt enforcement process like any other creditor. However, if another creditor demands seizure of the assets before the applicant is in a position to do so, the applicant automatically and provisionally takes part in the seizure of property.

Damages as a result

An applicant is liable for damages incurred by the debtor as a result of an unjust attachment order.

Security

The court can demand that the applicant post security.

14. Are any other interim remedies commonly available and obtained?

In principle, only those interim remedies described in Question 12 and Question 13 are available. In certain areas of law (for example, family law, trust and estates), further remedies are available.

Final remedies

15. What remedies are available at the full trial stage? Are damages only compensatory or can they also be punitive?

The final decision of the court can order the defendant to either:

  • Pay damages.
  • Perform specific actions or desist from certain actions.

A declaratory judgment is also possible.

The amount of damages awarded to a claimant must compensate his or her loss (including interest) and cannot be punitive in nature. However, the court can, under certain circumstances, award reparations that do not correspond to the actual damage suffered. These remedies are limited to disputes involving bodily harm and emotional distress.

The standard of proof for damages does not differ from the standard of proof applied in other areas of law. A claimant will need to demonstrate to the full conviction of the court the damages suffered in actual monetary terms. The court must be convinced, based on objective reasons, that the damages occurred in the claimed amount, and any doubts in this regard must be insignificant. In limited cases, where the damages cannot be quantified, the claimant may request the court to estimate the value of the loss or damage at its discretion. The court will estimate damages in such instances in the light of the normal course of events and the steps taken by the injured party.

Evidence

Document disclosure

16. What documents must the parties disclose to the other parties and/or the court? Are there any detailed rules governing this procedure?

Parties to the trial and third parties must assist the court with the discovery of the facts of the dispute. Legal entities are subject to the same rules applicable to individuals.

Evidence is produced either with a legal brief or on order by the court. Before initiating proceedings, the court may order a precautionary taking of evidence if the applicant shows prima facie evidence of an interest worthy of protection or has a statutory right to evidence. However, the applicant must pay for the court fees involved with the taking of evidence. There is no US style pre-trial discovery in Switzerland.

During trial, a party can request the court to order the other party or a third party to disclose certain specifically identified documents (written documents, drawings, plans, photographs) or electronic data in its possession. There is no distinction between documents held electronically or otherwise.

The court will grant such a request if it decides that the evidence is necessary to establish legally relevant facts of the case and will prescribe a deadline for the production of the requested evidence. General requests for document production are not permitted (no "fishing expeditions"). The burden of proof as to the concerned document 's authenticity lies with the party wishing to draw a legal conclusion from the facts alleged in the document.

Trial parties, third parties and witnesses do not need to testify and are entitled to withhold documents if they can invoke a statutory privilege (for example, attorney-client confidentiality (see Privileged documents)) or have a particularly close personal relationship to a party (for example, being directly related or married). A party refusing to disclose documents without justification cannot be sanctioned but may bear the consequences of adverse consideration of the evidence. Failure by a third party to co-operate with the court may be punishable by a fine.

Documents are normally submitted in hard copy and are sometimes supplemented by a set of electronic documents.

Privileged documents

17. Are any documents privileged? If privilege is not recognised, are there any other rules allowing a party not to disclose a document?

Privileged documents

Lawyer-client privilege only extends to lawyers registered in the cantonal lawyers register. There is no privilege for in-house counsel. However, all correspondence relating to, and prepared in the course of, a specific mandate to or from external professional counsel (including patent attorneys) is protected by privilege, irrespective of its location. This also applies to proceedings before the competition authorities and the Swiss Financial Supervisory Authority.

The notion of "without prejudice" is not a matter of statutory privilege, but a principle generally recognised by the courts when communication made in the context of genuine settlement negotiations is at issue (see below, Other non-disclosure situations).

Other non-disclosure situations

A party may be entitled to withhold documents if it has a particularly close relationship to the party to the proceedings (see Question 16).

During settlement discussions, parties frequently circulate proposals which they do not want to be used in subsequent court proceedings (without prejudice). Parties can maintain and need to indicate clearly that these documents are without prejudice to their position in later court proceedings if settlement negotiations fail. Courts respect the parties ' agreement, provided their intention is clearly expressed in their earlier correspondence.

Examination of witnesses

18. Do witnesses of fact give oral evidence or do they only submit written evidence? Is there a right to cross-examine witnesses of fact?

Oral evidence

Witnesses give oral evidence under the threat of criminal punishment if they give false testimony. If the witness fails to appear, he may be summoned or sanctioned with a fine. Witness statements are not common in Switzerland; however, in exceptional cases the court may admit a signed witness statement as a physical record. The court can obtain information in writing from a private person if it does not consider it necessary to examine this person as a witness.

Right to cross-examine

There is no specific right to cross-examine. However, following the initial interrogation by the judge, each party can put additional questions to the witness either:

  • Through the judge.
  • Directly to the witness, with authorisation by the judge.

However, these additional questions must not go beyond the issues on which the court heard testimony, and therefore solely serve to clarify the issues on which the court heard testimony. Questions that go beyond these issues, or repeat questions already asked by the judge, are not permitted.

The Code on Civil Procedure also allows a court to put witnesses against each other and against the parties.

Third party experts

19. What are the rules in relation to third-party experts?

Appointment procedure

Where the court concludes that expert knowledge or a technical assessment of factual evidence is required, it can appoint one or several experts, if requested to do so by a party or of its own accord. The parties can express their opinion on the court 's choice of an expert and make their own suggestions before the appointment, if requested to do so by the court. Any evidence, including where a party wants to rely on an expert witness, must be disclosed at the evidence stage at the latest.

Role of experts

Court-appointed experts act on behalf of the court and are subject to the same rules on conflicts of interest as judges. Specialist opinions given by experts at the request of the parties are considered by the court as party explanations and have no added weight.

Right of reply

The parties can comment on the questions posed to the expert and request other or further questions to be posed to the expert. The parties are entitled to comment on the expert 's conclusion and can under certain circumstances request the appointment of a new expert.

Fees

Costs for expert fees must be advanced by the party requesting the expert opinion. If both parties request an expert opinion, the advance may be split equally among the parties. The court takes into consideration the burden of proof when deciding which party must advance the costs. Expert fees are added to the court fees at the end of proceedings and are borne by the unsuccessful party (see Question 22). Alternatively, they can be split proportionally among the parties, reflecting the parties ' varying degrees of success.

Appeals

20. What are the rules concerning appeals of first instance judgments in large commercial disputes?

Which courts

Judgments rendered by a district court can be appealed to the higher cantonal court with the possibility of a further appeal to the Supreme Court if either:

  • The amount in dispute is at least CHF30,000.
  • A legal issue of major importance is at stake.

Judgments rendered by a commercial court (for the cantons that have established commercial court, see Question 1) can only be appealed to the Supreme Court.

Other than these requirements, there are no further conditions for bringing an appeal. In particular, the appellant does not need permission to bring an appeal.

Grounds for appeal

The higher cantonal court has full review competence on questions of law and of fact. The Supreme Court 's review is in general limited to breaches of federal law (see also Question 3).

Time limit

Judgments of district courts must be appealed within 30 days. Judgments of the higher cantonal courts and those of the commercial courts must also be brought before the Supreme Court within 30 days. In summary proceedings, the time limit for bringing an appeal is only ten days.

Class actions

21. Are there any mechanisms available for collective redress or class actions?

Typical class actions are not possible under Swiss law. Claims must be brought by individual claimants. An exception exists for associations and other organisations of national or regional importance that are authorised by their articles of association to protect the interests of a certain group of individuals (for example, certain organisations whose mandate is to protect nature and heritage, or consumer interests). These bring a group action (Verbandsklage) in their own name for a violation of the personal rights of the members of such group.

Where an injury to these interests is alleged, the association can request that either:

  • The damage be prevented or removed.
  • The court acknowledges that the harm has occurred.

However, note that the group action (Verbandsklage) is not a widely used instrument and the Federal Supreme Court only recently dismissed a group action launched by a consumer association for lack of standing. Currently, discussions in Parliament are underway to revise and improve group action (Verbandsklage) (see Question 35).

Several claimants can file a suit against a single defendant. Depending on whether the claimants are required by law to proceed together or not, the Code on Civil Procedure contains differing provisions in relation to the effect of each claimant 's submissions on other claimants.

In addition, several claimants basing their claims on the same set of material facts can bring their suits before the court individually and request a stay in all but one of the proceedings until a lead judgment is rendered by the court.

Costs

22. Does the unsuccessful party have to pay the successful party 's costs and how does the court usually calculate any costs award? What factors does the court consider when awarding costs?

The losing party is ordered to compensate the successful party for the costs of representation. If a party is successful in part, a proportionate payment is ordered. Procedural costs include:

  • The court 's costs.
  • The winning party 's costs. This includes the necessary outlays (for example, travel expenses and, in some cases, expert reports), the costs for professional representation and, in justified cases, reasonable compensation for personal efforts if a party is not professionally represented.

Under the Code on Civil Procedure, the cantons have kept their competence to set the tariffs by which the cantonal courts calculate the court and party compensation fees. Therefore, court fees and party compensation fees may differ among the cantons. Litigants should be aware that the cantonal fee schedules:

  • May not necessarily be in line with lawyer 's fees.
  • Give courts a wide discretion in setting their own fees and awarding compensation for costs.

Therefore, in practice, successful litigants will often only be compensated partially.

The Code on Civil Procedure only contains a few general rules on the matter. It authorises courts to request advance payment of the expected court fees of a claim before starting proceedings. Additionally, the Code on Civil Procedure provides that the claimant may be ordered to post security (either in cash or in the form of a guarantee from a bank with a branch in Switzerland or from an insurance company authorised to operate in Switzerland) for the respondent 's party costs. This is particularly where the claimant has no residence or registered office in Switzerland, or a possible payment of compensation for the respondent 's party costs is at risk.

Accordingly, foreign claimants need to be aware that litigating in Switzerland normally requires payment of an advance of the expected court fees and posting of a security for the respondent 's party costs at the outset, provided there is no treaty in place between the place of residence of the claimant and Switzerland (for example, the 1954 or 1980 Hague Conventions on Civil Procedure or International Access to Justice, or a bilateral agreement, excluding such requirement by reason of their not being domiciled in Switzerland).

In relation to appeals proceedings before the Supreme Court, the cost award is calculated according to a regulation issued by the court itself. The following factors, among others, are considered in deciding the final cost award:

  • The claim amount.
  • The complexity of the matter.
  • The duration and stages of the proceedings (pleadings, hearings, evidence and settlement negotiations).

The courts rarely take pre-trial offers into account.

23. Is interest awarded on costs? If yes, how is it calculated?

If the unsuccessful party is ordered to pay a certain amount, the interest on that amount that has accrued up to that date is included in the cost order. From the date of the judgment, the successful party can also demand payment of interest at the statutory rate of 5% per year.

Enforcement of a local judgment

24. What are the procedures to enforce a judgment given by the courts in your jurisdiction in the local courts?

Enforcement procedures depend on whether a party has been ordered to pay damages or perform a specific act. Judgments ordering the payment of damages are enforced under the Federal Debt Enforcement and Bankruptcy Act. The party with the judgment in its favour can start summary enforcement proceedings by requesting the court to set aside the opposition the defendant raised against the payment summons and to order the continuation of enforcement through the attachment of goods (for natural persons) or bankruptcy proceedings (for legal persons).

Judgments for specific performance are enforced under the Code on Civil Procedure and must also be requested in summary proceedings with the enforcement court at the place of residency (for natural persons) or at the place of registered office (for legal persons). Enforcement requests can also be brought at the place where these measures are to be executed or where the original judgment was rendered.

The claimant must submit the documents showing that his claim is enforceable. The judge then orders the obliged party to effect performance under threat of penal consequences and payment of a fine if performance is refused. The judge can also authorise the requesting party to retain a third party to substitute performance. The claimant is entitled to have his claim for specific performance changed into a claim for damages if the defendant continues to resist enforcement.

Cross-border litigation

25. Do local courts respect the choice of governing law in a contract? If yes, are there any national laws or rules that may modify or restrict the application of the law chosen by the parties in their contract? What are the rules for determining what law will apply to non-contractual claims?

Contractual choice of law

In all commercial disputes, the parties can choose a foreign governing law. However, certain matters are excluded from this principle:

  • Contracts over immovable property, in relation to which Swiss courts always apply the law applicable at the property 's location.
  • Matters relating to consumers, employees and intellectual property rights are only subject to laws that have a connection to certain objective criteria (for example, the place of residency of the consumer, the place of employment, or the place of registration of the intellectual property rights).

A choice of law provision in a contract on the international sale of goods providing for Swiss law to apply may result in the application of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 or similar treaties, unless those treaties have been specifically excluded by the parties.

No choice of law and non-contractual claims

Absent a choice of law, the law applicable to the contractual dispute is the law of the state with which it is most closely connected (the closest connection test).

With respect to non-contractual claims, the parties may choose any time after the event causing the damage that the law of the forum, that is Swiss law, shall apply. Absent a choice of law by the parties, the Swiss Private International Law Act determines the applicable law. Note that, in this context, if a tort violates an existing legal relationship between the tortfeasor and the injured party, the tort claim will be governed by the law applicable to the existing legal relationship.

26. Do local courts respect the choice of jurisdiction in a contract? Do local courts claim jurisdiction over a dispute in some circumstances, despite the choice of jurisdiction?

The courts generally respect the choice of forum clauses within the scope of the relevant statutes and treaties. These clauses must be in writing and can relate to an existing or future dispute. However, there are also certain specific rules, for example:

  • Disputes concerning consumers must generally be filed with the competent court at the consumer 's domicile, unless the consumer agrees for a specific judicial proceeding to a different jurisdiction (only after the dispute arose).
  • Disputes concerning employees are heard by the competent court at the employee 's domicile or at the place of employment; agreements on jurisdiction can only be entered into after the dispute arose.
  • Disputes concerning the rent of immovable property must be filed with the competent court at the place of the property in question.

International treaties take precedence over the statutory rules. The most important international treaty on jurisdiction is the Lugano Convention on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters 2007. Under the Lugano Convention, the parties can either:

  • Conclude a jurisdiction agreement.
  • Include a jurisdiction clause in their contractual arrangements.

The local courts respect this practice, unless statutory law provides for a mandatory forum or declares it unlawful to waive the statutory forum before the dispute has arisen.

27. If a party wishes to serve foreign proceedings on a party in your jurisdiction, what is the procedure to effect service in your jurisdiction? Is your jurisdiction a party to any international agreements affecting this process?

International agreements

When serving foreign procedural notices to parties in Switzerland, a foreign party must comply with international treaties governing international civil procedure matters and must use the means of judicial assistance. Switzerland is party to two major multilateral treaties:

  • HCCH Convention on Civil Procedure 1954 (Hague Civil Procedure Convention).
  • HCCH Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil and Commercial Matters 1965 (Hague Service Convention).

A number of bilateral agreements authorise direct contact between judicial authorities. There are also bilateral agreements that serve to complement the Hague Conventions. Where there is no international agreement, Switzerland automatically applies the Hague Civil Procedure Convention to the foreign requests that it receives.

Serving process

The Hague Civil Procedure Convention requires the requesting party or the locally competent authority to use the consular channels to send the documents to be served to the consular representation in Switzerland, which then approaches the Swiss Federal Office of Justice to effect service on the party resident in Switzerland.

The Hague Service Convention requires parties to request their local authorities to forward requests for service according to a model request to the competent central authority in Switzerland. Each canton has its own central authority, which serves process on persons domiciled in its territory. The central authority approaches the competent court, which then serves documents by qualified postal delivery. As far as the law applicable in the country of the party requesting service permits lawyers to serve documents, these persons are recognised as judicial officers and can also approach the central authority directly. As it can prove difficult for the requesting state to know which of the 26 central cantonal authorities has jurisdiction, the Federal Office of Justice is also designated to be a central authority and passes foreign requests to the competent cantonal authorities.

Switzerland declared that it is opposed to the use in its territory of direct service through diplomatic or consular agents and any other direct form of service; accordingly, any judicial document must be served through the competent central authority.

28. What is the procedure to take evidence from a witness in your jurisdiction for use in proceedings in another jurisdiction? Is your jurisdiction party to an international convention on this issue?

International agreements

To take evidence from a Swiss-domiciled witness, the rules of the multilateral treaties to which Switzerland is a member must be complied with, for example:

  • The HCCH Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil and Commercial Matters 1970 (Hague Evidence Convention).
  • The HCCH Convention on Civil Procedure 1954 (Hague Civil Procedure Convention).

A number of bilateral agreements authorise direct contact between judicial authorities. There are also bilateral agreements that serve to complement the Hague Conventions. Where there is no international agreement, Switzerland applies the Hague Civil Procedure Convention to the foreign requests that it receives.

Procedure

Under the Hague Evidence Convention, the procedure is as follows:

  • The competent judicial authority of the requesting state transmits its letter of request to the Federal Office of Justice or directly to the competent cantonal authority.
  • The competent cantonal authority then takes evidence at the witness 's place of domicile.

Under the Hague Civil Procedure Convention, the following procedure applies:

  • The competent authority of the state in which the request is made must transmit its request to its diplomatic representation in Switzerland.
  • The diplomatic representative of the requesting state in Switzerland then transmits the request to the Swiss Federal Office of Justice.
  • The Swiss Federal Office of Justice transmits the request to the competent local judicial authority in the canton where the witness is domiciled, which then takes the evidence.

The Hague Evidence Convention replaces Articles 8 to 16 of the Hague Civil Procedure Convention (Article 29, Hague Evidence Convention). Therefore, if a signatory state has concluded both treaties, the Hague Evidence Convention takes precedence.

Notably, the surrender of evidence located in Switzerland to foreign authorities or parties in violation of the applicable international conventions to which Switzerland is a party may constitute a violation of Articles 271 (prohibited acts for a foreign state) and 273 (economic intelligence service) of the Swiss Criminal Code or other special statutory provisions (such as banking regulation and data protection regulation). Switzerland made a reservation under the Hague Evidence Convention in relation to letters of request issued for the purpose of obtaining pre-trial discovery of documents as known in common law countries. Therefore, requests that are formulated in general terms and require the opposing party to indicate the documents in their possession with the aim of obtaining information that bears no relation to the case or in an attempt to discover evidence to substantiate a claim ("fishing expeditions") are rejected.

Switzerland also made a reservation with respect to the taking of evidence by diplomatic officers, consular agents and commissioners. This is only possible on authorisation by the Federal Government (but a lawyer does not require an authorisation when collecting evidence in Switzerland during ordinary case preparation).

Enforcement of a foreign judgment

29. What are the procedures to enforce a foreign judgment in your jurisdiction?

If the judgment was rendered by a court of a Lugano Convention signatory state, an enforcement application must be filed with the competent Swiss court, along with a copy of the judgment satisfying the conditions necessary to establish its authenticity and a certificate issued by the court that rendered the judgment (Annex V, Lugano Convention). The court must decide on such application in ex parte summary proceedings and declare the judgment enforceable immediately on satisfaction of the formalities under Annex V, without reviewing whether there are grounds to deny recognition and enforcement. The party against whom the enforcement is sought is not heard until the appeal stage.

If the judgment was rendered by a court of a state not party to Lugano Convention, the enforcing party must file with the competent court:

  • A complete and authenticated copy of the decision.
  • A confirmation that no ordinary appeal can be lodged against the decision or that the appeal is final.
  • For judgments rendered by default, an official document establishing that the defaulting party was duly summoned and that it had the opportunity to enter a defence.

The other party is entitled to a hearing and to introduce evidence. The competent court dealing with the matter may, on a party 's request, order protective measures without hearing the other party. The court will deny recognition if:

  • It violates Swiss public policy.
  • Procedural guarantees considered to be fundamental in Switzerland were not adhered to in the foreign proceeding.

A judgment rendered in a state not party to the Lugano Convention is considered a final judgment within the meaning of the Federal Debt Enforcement and Bankruptcy Act. A local court can grant exequatur on a summary review of the matter.

Alternative dispute resolution

30. What are the main alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods used in your jurisdiction to settle large commercial disputes? Is ADR used more in certain industries? What proportion of large commercial disputes is settled through ADR?

Large commercial disputes are usually settled through litigation or arbitration. Other ADR methods play a limited role, although mediation appears to have become more popular recently, as illustrated by an increasing number of organisations offering mediation services and training, or the adoption of the Swiss Rules on Commercial Mediation by the Swiss Chambers of Commerce and Industry in 2019 (www.swissarbitration.org/sm/en/rules.php).

Arbitration (but not necessarily other forms of ADR) is more common in international commercial disputes than in domestic disputes.

In contentious court proceedings, the court can recommend mediation to the parties at any time (see also Question 31). On joint application of the parties, the court may confirm a settlement reached through mediation during proceedings (Code on Civil Procedure). Such confirmation makes the mediation settlement equal to a court judgment. Settlements reached through mediation outside of court proceedings cannot be confirmed by the court.

31. Does ADR form part of court procedures or does it only apply if the parties agree? Can courts compel the use of ADR?

Apart from cases where conciliation proceedings are mandatory, ADR is not part of court procedures. Swiss courts cannot compel the use of ADR. However, courts are free to facilitate a settlement during court proceedings or to encourage parties to resort to mediation.

Where a conciliation hearing is mandatory under statutory provisions, the parties can jointly elect to use mediation instead. If a settlement cannot be reached, the conciliation authority will issue a writ permitting the claimant to proceed to the competent district court (see Question 9).

At all times during the court proceedings, parties can jointly elect to resort to mediation, thereby staying court proceedings.

To be enforceable in court, a multi-tier dispute resolution clause providing for pre-trial arbitration or conciliation or mediation should clearly set out the conditions (including time limits) for the arbitration or mediation proceedings. Non-compliance with pre-arbitral mediation under a multi-tier dispute resolution clause may result in an annulment of the arbitral award.

32. How is evidence given in ADR? Can documents produced or admissions made during (or for the purposes of) the ADR later be protected from disclosure by privilege? Is ADR confidential?

In mediation proceedings, the mediation agreement governs the procedural rules. The parties are free to choose any rules to govern the mediation process. In the absence of a provision relating to evidence, the mediator conducts the proceedings as he or she considers appropriate.

Mediation must be confidential, and statements and admissions of the parties cannot be used in court. The same applies in relation to evidence obtained during mediation. Mediators are entitled to refuse to testify on matters relating to the mediation proceedings.

In domestic arbitration, subject to the rules of the Code on Civil Procedure and international arbitration, the parties are free to agree on the procedural rules within the mandatory procedural limits (guarantees) prescribed by law.

33. How are costs dealt with in ADR?

Costs are borne by the parties, subject to their mediation agreement or the equivalent, or agreed on arbitration procedural rules (as applicable). For example, the Swiss Rules on International Arbitration, which can also be chosen for domestic arbitration, provide that the costs of the arbitration must in principle be borne by the unsuccessful party.

34. What are the main bodies that offer ADR services in your jurisdiction?

The following organisations, among others, offer ADR services in Switzerland:

  • Swiss Chambers ' Arbitration Institution, which adopted the Swiss Rules on Commercial Mediation in 2019 (see www.swissarbitration.org/Mediation/Mediation-rules) and the Swiss Rules on International Arbitration in 2004 (as revised in 2012; see www.swissarbitration.org/Arbitration/Arbitration-Rules-and-Laws), the latter of which can also be chosen for domestic arbitration.
  • WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center, a branch of the World Intellectual Property Organization established in 1994. This centre offers institutional mediation services for private parties (see www.wipo.int/amc/en).

Proposals for reform

35. Are there any proposals for dispute resolution reform? If yes, when are they likely to come into force?

The Swiss Parliament adopted amendments to the Code of Obligations on 15 June 2018 concerning limitation periods (see Question 2).

The core elements of the revision are:

  • The extension of the limitation period from one year to three years in tort and enrichment matters. In future, aggrieved persons will therefore have three years from the time when they become aware of the damage and the person liable for compensation to assert their claim.
  • A new twenty-year absolute limitation period will apply to personal injuries.

The amended provisions will enter into force on 1 January 2020. Where the amended law provides for a longer statutory period than the previous law, the longer statutory period will apply to existing circumstances, provided that the limitation period did not expire at the time the amended law came into force. Accordingly, if a one year limitation period were to expire (according to the previous law) on 1 January 2020, potential litigants will have an additional two years to bring claims, subject to the absolute limitation period of 10 years.

The Swiss Parliament has referred a motion to the Federal Government to revise the current system of collective redress and to introduce class actions. The Federal Council then proposed to introduce a proceeding which allows for companies to find a collective solution for mass claims with effect for all damaged parties. The Federal Council also proposes to allow group actions not only for violation of personal rights (see above) but also for financial claims. These proposals were recently open for the public to give their opinion. Following the public consultation phase, the federal administration is currently analysing the comments.

Additionally, the Swiss Private International Law Act is currently undergoing a revision with respect to arbitration. Generally, the reform aims to amend the Act to reflect current practice of the Supreme Court (for example, with respect to the revision of arbitral awards). It also proposes to relax the formal requirements governing arbitration clauses. Finally, the reform allows appeals to the Supreme Court against an award to be filed in English (although the decision will still be handed down in one of the official languages). The Federal Council submitted its dispatch and the draft law on 24 October 2018 to the Parliament for discussion. The proposal is currently pending at committee level.

 

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Thema: Dispute Resolution
Autor: Urs Feller, Marcel Frey, Bernhard C. Lauterburg
Zeitung: Thomson Reuters Practical Law
Lesezeit: 30 Min

Arbitration procedures and practice in Switzerland: overview

A Q&A guide to arbitration law and practice in Switzerland.

The country-specific Q&A guide provides a structured overview of the key practical issues concerning arbitration in this jurisdiction, including any mandatory provisions and default rules applicable under local law, confidentiality, local courts' willingness to assist arbitration, enforcement of awards and the available remedies, both final and interim.

To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions visit the Arbitration procedures and practice Country Q&A tool.

This Q&A is part of the multi-jurisdictional guide to arbitration. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit global.practicallaw.com/arbitration-guide.

Use of arbitration and recent trends

1. How is commercial arbitration used and what are the recent trends?

Use of commercial arbitration and recent trends

Arbitration is widely used to resolve commercial disputes in both domestic and international matters. From an international perspective, Switzerland is among the most preferred seats for arbitration, as was revealed in the 2018 arbitration survey by Queen Mary University and White & Case (2018 survey) (http://www.arbitration.qmul.ac.uk/media/arbitration/docs/2018-International-Arbitration-Survey---The-Evolution-of-International-Arbitration-(2).PDF). According to the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Dispute Resolution Statistics 2018, 10% of ICC arbitral proceedings are seated in Switzerland, which makes Switzerland the third most chosen seat for ICC arbitration. The Swiss Chambers' Arbitration Institution (SCAI) received 83 new cases in 2018, of which the great majority were international cases. In addition, there are ad hoc arbitral proceedings, including investment arbitrations (for which statistics are difficult to find) and a high number of sports arbitrations.

To maintain its attractiveness for international arbitration, the Swiss federal government dispatched on 24 October 2018 to the Swiss Parliament a proposal for a reform of the 12th chapter of the Swiss Private International Law Act (PILA) containing Switzerland's legislative framework for international arbitration. The proposal aims at putting into law core aspects of the Federal Supreme Court's jurisprudence, making clarifications as well as enhancing usability, for example, by introducing the possibility to have appeals against arbitral awards filed in the English language.

Advantages/disadvantages

Although Switzerland has strong democratic structures and a well-equipped, reliable state court system to handle large and complex commercial cases in a reasonable time at reasonable costs, along with a reliable practice in recognising judgments handed down by foreign state courts, parties regularly chose arbitration for various reasons. According to the 2018 survey, users mention the enforceability of arbitral awards and the avoidance of specific legal systems/national courts as the most valuable characteristics of arbitration, followed by flexibility and the ability of the parties to select arbitrators.

As regards flexibility, there are no restrictions for attorneys not registered in Switzerland to act as party representatives in arbitral proceedings as opposed to state court proceedings. Also, the entire proceedings (excluding appeals) can be held in English or any other foreign language. Appeals to the Federal Supreme Court (which on average take about six months) can be fully or partially waived in express agreements by foreign parties.

Legislative framework

Applicable legislation

2. What legislation applies to arbitration? To what extent has your jurisdiction adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration 1985 (UNCITRAL Model Law)?

The principal legislation applicable to international arbitration is the 12th chapter of the federal Private International Law Act (PILA). By election, the parties to an international dispute can also chose the third part of the Swiss Code on Civil Procedure (CCP) governing domestic arbitration to apply. In this article, we will limit our comments to the PILA, unless specific reference to the CCP is necessary for the full understanding of the Swiss provisions.

The 12th chapter of the PILA is not based on the UNCITRAL Model Law, however, there are no fundamental differences in substance between the two laws. The main difference between the PILA and the UNCITRAL Model Law is the degree of regulation. While the UNCITRAL Model Law contains a comprehensive set of provisions, the PILA only contains a few fundamental rules and instead largely leaves the set-up of the proceedings in the hands of the parties and the arbitral tribunal.

Mandatory legislative provisions

3. Are there any mandatory legislative provisions? What is their effect?

If the parties to an international arbitration seated in Switzerland do not chose to exclude the application of the PILA in favour of the CCP, the following provisions in the PILA must be observed:

  • Articles 177(1) and (2): arbitrability/restrictions on state entities to invoke national law to contest arbitrability or capacity to be subject to arbitration.
  • Articles 178(1) and (2): form and validity of the arbitration agreement.
  • Articles 180(1)(c) and 180(2): challenge of arbitrators on grounds of justifiable grounds on independence and restrictions on challenges of arbitrators by the nominating/appointing party.
  • Article 181: lis pendens.
  • Article 182(2): mandatory procedural rules (equal treatment to the parties and their right to be heard).
  • Article 185: further assistance by the state court.
  • Article 186(1): kompetenz-kompetenz to the extent that the parties cannot exclude it, however, they may enhance it, for example, by excluding appeals (to the extent permitted).
  • Article 190(2): grounds for setting aside an arbitral award, to the extent that the grounds for setting aside are exhaustive, although qualifying parties can waive an appeal on all or one or more of these grounds.

4. Does the law prohibit any types of dispute from being resolved through arbitration?

Any dispute of financial interest can be subject to arbitration (Article 177(1), PILA). The broad scope of arbitrability is limited only by substantive provisions considered mandatory as a matter of public policy which reserve jurisdiction exclusively to state courts (for example, certain claims under the Debt Enforcement and Bankruptcy Act (attachment proceedings) and family law status matters (in particular marriage, paternity, adoption, divorce, separation), although the financial consequences are arbitrable).

Limitation

5. Does the law of limitation apply to arbitration proceedings?

Under Swiss law, the statute of limitations is a matter of substantive law. Accordingly, if the law applicable to the matter in dispute is Swiss substantive law, the relevant limitation periods apply.

The Swiss Code of Obligations (as of 1 January 2020) provides for the following limitation periods:

  • A general statutory limitation period of ten years for all claims (unless federal law prescribes a different limitation period).
  • Five years for claims which by their nature require quick settlement, such as claims:
    • for rent, interest or other periodic payments;
    • by tradesmen, craftsmen and for medical treatment;
    • relating to the sale of foodstuffs and payments for board and lodging;
    • relating to the work of tradesmen and craftsmen but also legal counsel and notaries;
    • of employees.
  • Tort claims will become time-barred after three years from the day on which the injured party has knowledge of the damage and the injuring party. A tort claim will become unenforceable owing to the statute of limitations after ten years from the date of injury. Where a criminal action coincides with the wrongful death and bodily injuries, the latest time of assertion will be 20 years after the injury. Where a tort claim is derived from an offence for which the criminal law envisages a longer limitation period, the longer period is also applicable to tort claims.
  • Claims based on unjust enrichment also become time-barred three years after the date on which the injured party becomes aware of its claim, but in any event, ten years after the claim first arose.

Arbitration institutions

6. Which arbitration institutions are commonly used to resolve large commercial disputes?

The main arbitration institutions used in Switzerland are the:

  • ICC International Court of Arbitration.
  • Swiss Chambers' Arbitration Institution.
  • WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center.
  • Court of Arbitration for Sport (600 cases in 2016).

Jurisdictional issues

7. What remedies are available where one party denies that the tribunal has jurisdiction to determine the dispute(s)? Does your jurisdiction recognise the concept of kompetenz-kompetenz? Does the tribunal or the local court determine issues of jurisdiction?

The arbitral tribunal must rule on its own jurisdiction (see Question 3), which it either does in the form of an interim award on jurisdiction or in the final award. Decisions by the arbitral tribunal on its jurisdiction are subject to an appeal to the Federal Supreme Court, provided that eligible parties did not waive such an appeal (see Question 1, Question 3 and Question 28). An interim award on jurisdiction must be separately appealed and an appeal together with the final award would be untimely. The concept of kompetenz-kompetenz is governed by PILA.

Arbitration agreements

Validity requirements

8. What are the requirements for an arbitration agreement to be enforceable?

Substantive/formal requirements

An arbitration agreement is valid if it is made in writing, by telegram, telex, telecopier, or any other means of communication which permits it to be evidenced by a text (Article 178(1), PILA). PILA does not require the arbitration agreement to be signed by all the parties. For example, the Federal Supreme Court upheld an arbitration clause that was never signed by the parties but remained unchanged throughout the exchange of several drafts of a framework contract.

Also, arbitration agreements by reference, such as in the bye-laws of a corporate body or in general terms and conditions, are generally valid. However, in relation to sport arbitration, the Federal Supreme Court drew a line and considered arbitration agreements by reference invalid if the content and scope thereof need not be reasonably expected under the given circumstances.

With respect to the substance, the arbitration agreement is valid if it conforms to the law chosen by the parties, the law governing the subject matter of the contract or Swiss law (Article 178(2), PILA).

Generally, to be valid on substance, the exclusion of state jurisdiction (and therefore the consensus to arbitrate) must be crystal clear under the law governing the conclusion and construction of contracts (strict approach by the Federal Supreme Court). Once this exclusion is clear, the construction of the content and scope of the arbitration clause follows a less restrictive approach.

Further possible reasons for an arbitration agreement to be invalid are:

  • Lack of legal capacity.
  • Lack of capacity to act.
  • Agency without authority.
  • A plea of defect in consent.

Separate arbitration agreement

Under Swiss law, a separate arbitration agreement is not necessary and it suffices that the arbitration clause is contained in the main contract. As stated above, arbitration agreements by reference are generally considered valid, save for very limited exceptions.

Unilateral or optional clauses

9. Are unilateral or optional clauses, where one party has the right to choose arbitration, enforceable?

Yes, such clauses are enforceable.

Third parties

10. In what circumstances can a party that is not a party to an arbitration agreement be joined to the arbitration proceedings?

Unlike in the CCP governing domestic arbitration, there is no statutory rule in the PILA for joining third parties to arbitration proceedings. However, the parties to an arbitration agreement are free to agree on such rules which they typically do when choosing institutional arbitration (for example, ICC or SCAI arbitration). The arbitration rules of many arbitral institutions contain rules on joining third parties, for example, Article 7 of the ICC Arbitration Rules or Article 4(2) of the Swiss Rules of International Arbitration.

Contractual obligations generally only bind the contracting parties. It is, however, recognised that an arbitration agreement can, under certain circumstances, also bind third parties, for example where:

  • Claims were assigned.
  • A third party assumed a contractual obligation.
  • A contract was transferred to a third party.
  • The parties entered into a contract in favour of a third party.

In some cases, the arbitration agreement can be extended to third parties. This may be the case, for example, if a third party intervened in the conclusion of or performs work under a contract in a manner creating legitimate grounds to assume that the third party intends to be bound by the contract and the arbitration agreement.

Whether an arbitration clause also extends to a third party is a matter of substance and must be determined in accordance with Article 178(2) of the PILA.

Also, in some cases, the corporate veil can be pierced and the separate legal status of a company disregarded in favour of the underlying economic realities, for example, under an alter ego theory where the court finds a corporation lacks a separate identity from an individual or corporate shareholder.

11. In what circumstances can a party that is not a party to an arbitration agreement compel a party to the arbitration agreement to arbitrate disputes under the arbitration agreement?

There is no statutory rule in the PILA providing that a third party can compel a party to an arbitration agreement to arbitrate a dispute under that arbitration agreement. Whether a third party can have such a right is a matter to be determined by the arbitral tribunal or the competent courts.

Separability

12. Does the applicable law recognise the separability of arbitration agreements?

Yes. Article 178(3) of the PILA expressly provides that the validity of an arbitration agreement cannot be contested on the grounds that the principal contract is invalid.

Breach of an arbitration agreement

13. What remedies are available where a party starts court proceedings in breach of an arbitration agreement or initiates arbitration in breach of a valid jurisdiction clause?

Court proceedings in breach of an arbitration agreement

A Swiss court must decline jurisdiction, unless the:

  • Defendant proceeded to the merits or the matter without objecting to the state court's jurisdictions.
  • State court finds that the arbitration agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed.
  • Arbitral tribunal cannot be constituted for reasons for which the defendant is manifestly responsible.

(Article 7, PILA.)

Conversely, if arbitration is initiated in breach of a valid jurisdiction clause, the arbitral tribunal, deciding on its own jurisdiction (Article 186(1), PILA) (see Question 7) and must decline jurisdiction.

Arbitration in breach of a valid jurisdiction clause

14. Will the local courts grant an injunction to restrain proceedings started overseas in breach of an arbitration agreement?

No, Swiss courts would deny motions for an anti-suit injunction. Moreover, anti-suit injunctions would be contrary to the concept of kompetenz-kompetenz, which Swiss law recognises (see Question 7).

Arbitrators

Number and qualifications/characteristics

15. Are there any legal requirements relating to the number, qualifications and characteristics of arbitrators? Must an arbitrator be a national of, or licensed to practice in your jurisdiction to serve as an arbitrator there?

There is no rule in the PILA about the number, qualifications or characteristics of arbitrators apart from the requirements that the arbitral tribunal must be appointed in accordance with the arbitration agreement (Article 179(1), PILA) and the independence and impartiality of each arbitrator. Subject to this, any person with full legal capacity whom a party considers suitable to resolve a dispute can be appointed as arbitrator. Arbitrators need not be licensed to practice as attorneys in Switzerland (or elsewhere).

The Federal Supreme Court considers the IBA Guidelines on Conflict of Interest (although without any statutory value) a valuable instrument capable of harmonising and unifying international arbitration standards to dispose of conflict of interests that should not fail to influence the practice of arbitral institutions and tribunals (Supreme Court Decision No. 4A_506/2007, consid. 3.3.2.2).

Independence/impartiality

16. Are there any requirements relating to arbitrators' independence and/or impartiality?

Yes, see Question 15.

Appointment/removal

17. Does the law contain default provisions relating to the appointment and/or removal of arbitrators?

If there is no agreement by the parties on the appointment of arbitrators, the matter can be brought before the court at the seat of the arbitral tribunal. That court must apply by analogy the provisions in the CCP (Article 179(2), PILA) and in accordance with Article 360(1) of the CCP appoint a three-member arbitral tribunal. However, neither the PILA nor the CCP contain provisions for the basis of this appointment.

The PILA does not contain a rule on the removal of arbitrators, apart from Article 180(1) which sets out grounds on which an arbitrator can be challenged. Such rules typically emerge from the parties' arbitration agreement (for example, as a matter of reference to institutional rules, such as Article 12 of the Swiss Rules of International Arbitration or Article 15 of the ICC Arbitration Rules).

An arbitrator can be challenged:

  • If he/she does not possess the qualification agreed upon by the parties.
  • On the grounds for challenge in the rules of arbitration adopted by the parties.
  • If the circumstances permit legitimate doubt about his/her independence.

(Article 180(1), PILA.)

Where there is no agreed procedure by the parties on the removal of arbitrators, the court at the seat of the arbitral tribunal must rule on the removal. The court will apply Article 180(1) of the PILA and its procedural law.

Procedure

Commencement of arbitral proceedings

18. Does the law provide default rules governing the commencement of arbitral proceedings?

No, such rules typically emerge from the parties' agreement to apply certain arbitration rules. The PILA only defines when lis pendens occurs, that is, at the moment one of the parties files a claim before the sole arbitrator of the arbitrators designated in the arbitration agreement or, in the absence of such designation, if one of the parties institutes the procedure for the appointment of the arbitral tribunal (Article 181, PILA).

Applicable rules and powers

19. What procedural rules are arbitrators bound by? Can the parties determine the procedural rules that apply? Does the law provide any default rules governing procedure?

Applicable procedural rules

Chapter 12 of the PILA is premised on the principle of party autonomy. The parties can, in the arbitration agreement or by reference to a set of institutional arbitration rules, determine the arbitral procedure applicable to their dispute (Article 182(1), PILA). They can also submit the arbitral procedure to a procedural law of their choice.

Only if the parties have failed do so, the arbitral tribunal has to determine it to the extent necessary, either directly or by reference to a law or to arbitration rules (Article 182(2), PILA).

In Switzerland, regardless of the procedural rules chosen, the arbitral tribunal must ensure the equal treatment of the parties and the right of the parties to be heard in adversarial proceedings (Article 182(3), PILA) (see also Question 3).

Evidence and disclosure

20. If there is no express agreement, can the arbitrator order disclosure of documents and attendance of witnesses (factual or expert)?

The rules on the taking of evidence form part of the arbitral procedure, which is normally determined by the parties. In the absence of an agreement between the parties on issues of evidence, the arbitral tribunal must determine the procedure to the extent necessary (Article 182(2), PILA).

In any event, the arbitral tribunal has the duty to conduct the taking of evidence (Article 184(1), PILA). If the arbitral tribunal orders measures of evidence which are not complied with by the burdened party, the question of enforcement arises. Unlike state courts, arbitral tribunals themselves have no sovereign powers and cannot order coercive measures against parties not complying with evidentiary orders. Thus, in instances where a party refuses to cooperate with the tribunal, the assistance of Swiss state judicial authorities can be sought. Assistance can be requested from the state court at the seat of the arbitral tribunal. The Swiss court then applies its own domestic (Swiss) procedural law, that is, the CCP (Article 184(2), PILA).

The practical significance of state judicial assistance in the taking of evidence is limited, since where a party refuses to comply with an arbitral order, the tribunal can draw negative inferences from such behaviour.

Evidence

21. What documents must the parties disclose to the other parties and/or the arbitrator? How, in practice, does the scope of disclosure in arbitrations compare with disclosure in domestic court litigation? Can the parties set the rules on disclosure by agreement?

Scope of disclosure

The procedure on the taking of evidence such as disclosure of documents forms part of the arbitral procedure, which is determined by the parties or, in the absence of an agreement, by the arbitral tribunal (Article 182(2), PILA). The admissibility of evidence is therefore assessed in accordance with the applicable procedural law. If agreed by the parties, arbitrators in Switzerland frequently seek guidance from the IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence.

When compared to common law discovery proceedings, Swiss arbitrators frequently opt for more limited disclosure. Communication that can be considered legally privileged (trade secrets, correspondence with attorneys) will be exempt from production.

Despite this, requests for other documents that are deemed relevant for the determination of the dispute will normally be admitted by the tribunal. Arbitrators frequently manage document production by means of a "Redfern Schedule" (a collaborative document prepared by the parties and the tribunal containing the requests for disclosure, the arguments for the requests and the tribunal's decisions on each).

Compared to disclosure obligations under Swiss domestic proceedings, the latter are more limited, with more stringent rules on identification and demonstrating necessity of production.

Validity of parties' agreement as to rules of disclosure

As noted, the parties can enter into special agreements concerning the taking of evidence such as production of documents.

Confidentiality

22. Is arbitration confidential? If so, what is the scope of that confidentiality and who is subject to the obligation (parties, arbitrators, institutions and so on)?

In principle, the parties are free to agree that the fact of their dispute, the resorting to arbitration and the proceedings and outcome will remain confidential. There are no statutory rules in Swiss law that provide for confidentiality, though the Supreme Court has confirmed that Swiss arbitral proceedings are, as a rule, not open to the public, thus giving an indication that it considers such proceedings to be of a confidential nature.

However, confidentiality can only be deemed applicable for the actual arbitration proceedings themselves and not in any related state proceedings regarding injunctive relief sought by the parties (Article 54(1), CCP). Equally, appeal proceedings to the Supreme Court are generally open to the public (Article 59(1), Supreme Court Act).

However, scholarly opinions diverge on the issue of whether the parties themselves are bound by confidentiality in the absence of an express obligation to that effect.

Courts and arbitration

23. Will the local courts intervene to assist arbitration proceedings seated in their jurisdiction?

As noted in Question 20, Swiss state courts may be involved in arbitration proceedings to the extent that sovereign power is needed to compel parties in matters of evidence or with regard to interim measures not complied with by parties.

Swiss law is also supportive of arbitration proceedings to the extent that Article 179(2) of the PILA provides that where an arbitration agreement is mute on the nomination and election of arbitrators, a party can approach the local state court judge at the agreed seat of the arbitration requesting the appointment of arbitrators (see Question 17). The Swiss court is required to refer to the CCP on the appointment of arbitrators in domestic arbitration proceedings when doing so (Article 361 et seq, CCP).

24. What is the risk of a local court intervening to frustrate an arbitration seated in its jurisdiction? Can a party delay proceedings by frequent court applications?

Risk of court intervention

In principle, a Swiss court will not intervene or frustrate validly commenced arbitration proceedings located in Switzerland from itself, as long as the dispute matter can validly be subjected to arbitration. Even then, a party will need to invoke the existence of an arbitration agreement.

Delaying proceedings

As noted in Question 20, parties to arbitration proceedings seated in Switzerland have recourse to state courts for interim measures not complied with or for other coercive orders.

Further, a party may try to delay the outcome of the arbitration by challenging the appointment of arbitrators or the jurisdiction of the tribunal itself.

The final arbitral award itself can be brought before the state Supreme Court in limited cases with an appeal. Invoking such measures may have a delaying effect on proceedings.

Insolvency

25. What is the effect on the arbitration of pending insolvency of one or more of the parties to the arbitration?

According to Swiss jurisprudence, the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings does not automatically lead to a transfer of rights and obligations of the debtor to the bankruptcy estate. However, previously concluded arbitration agreements remain binding on the bankruptcy estate, whether the estate is a claimant or a defending party.

Remedies

26. What interim remedies are available from the tribunal?

Interim remedies

Unless the parties have agreed otherwise, the arbitral tribunal can, on application by a party, order interim measures (Article 183(1), PILA). Generally, three types of interim measures are commonly encountered, though this list is not exhaustive:

  • Safeguarding measures: aiming to secure the subsequent enforcement of the disputed claim, maintaining or restoring the status quo for the duration of the proceedings.
  • Regulatory measures: serving to regulate and/or stabilise provisionally the relationship between the parties.
  • Executory measures: characterised by the fact that they include a temporary enforcement of the alleged claim.

Ex parte/without notice applications

The arbitral tribunal has, in accordance with the prevailing opinion, the power to grant interim remedies without notice to the other party provided that both:

  • There is a particular urgency or that a hearing of the opposing party would impair the effectiveness of the measure.
  • The arbitral tribunal reviews its decision promptly after issuing the measure and after hearing both parties.

Security

Chapter 12 of the PILA contains no rules on the posting of security. As far as the applicable arbitration rules allow such a provision, Swiss arbitrators will regularly make such an order. The Swiss Rules on International Arbitration authorise arbitrators to require such a payment.

Swiss domestic arbitration rules also have provision on the awarding of security if the claimant appears to be insolvent (Article 379, CCP). In addition, the defendant must establish that its future costs claim, if any, would be frustrated or significantly jeopardised by the appearance of the claimant's insolvency if not immediately secured.

27. What final remedies are available from the tribunal?

The type of final remedy issued by a Swiss based tribunal will be determined by the material law applicable to the dispute and available to the parties under that governing law. As a rule, for arbitrations taking place in Switzerland a final award can order a party to:

  • Pay damages.
  • Perform specific actions or desist from certain actions.

Awards that would be considered to be contrary to the Swiss understanding of ordre public (such as awarding high punitive damages) will face the risk of unenforceability in Switzerland and a party can appeal such an award to the Supreme Court for transgression of public policy (Article 190(2)(e), PILA). Further, as noted in Question 3, Question 4 and Question 24), areas of law that are considered out of the scope of arbitration cannot be enforced in Switzerland (certain family law matters) as they are not considered to subject to arbitration.

Appeals

28. Can arbitration proceedings and awards be appealed or challenged in the local courts? What are the grounds and procedure? Can the parties waive any rights of appeal or challenge to an award by agreement before the dispute arises (such as in the arbitral clause itself)?

Rights of appeal/challenge

In matters of international arbitration, an appeal can only be brought to the Swiss Supreme Court (Article 191, PILA).

Grounds and procedure

There are very limited grounds for appeal which are if the:

  • Sole arbitrator was not properly appointed or if the arbitral tribunal was not properly constituted.
  • Arbitral tribunal wrongly accepted or declined jurisdiction.
  • Arbitral tribunal's decision went beyond the claims submitted to it or failed to decide one of the items of the claim.
  • Principle of equal treatment of the parties or the right of the parties to be heard was violated.
  • Award is incompatible with public policy.

(Article 190(2), PILA.)

A party considering bringing an appeal against a Swiss arbitration award must lodge its appeal within 30 days from receipt of the award and must invoke one of the setting aside reasons of Article 190(2) of the PILA.

Though not technically an appeal, it has been standing practice by the Supreme Court to admit applications for the revision of an international arbitration award. Such applications have been accepted where it becomes apparent after the rendering of the award that such decision was made as a consequence of criminal activity influencing its outcome or where significant facts or decisive evidence become available only at a later stage and which were not accessible to the party bringing the revision during the actual arbitration phase (Supreme Court Decision No. 4A 662/2018).

The currently debated revision of Chapter 12 of the PILA includes a specific statutory provision that would codify this jurisprudence.

Waiving rights of appeal

If none of the parties has their domicile, habitual residence or a business establishment in Switzerland, they can, by an express statement in the arbitration agreement or by a subsequent written agreement, waive fully their entitlement to bring an appeal against the award (Article 192, PILA). At the same time, they are also free to bilaterally limit the reasons for an appeal to one or several of the grounds listed in Article 190(2).

29. What is the limitation period applicable to actions to vacate or challenge an international arbitration award rendered inside your jurisdiction?

As mentioned in Question 28, setting aside proceedings before the Swiss Supreme Court must be brought within the appeal period of 30 days since the proceedings are governed by Article 77 of the Supreme Court Act, which provides that (all) appeals to the highest Swiss court are subject to a 30-day deadline (Article 100(1), Supreme Court Act). The limitation period begins with the notification of the award to the parties and is not extendable.

Costs

30. What legal fee structures can be used? Are fees fixed by law?

Attorneys' fees can be freely arranged between lawyers and their clients and hourly rates depending on the experience level are the norm. Contingency fees are not permitted. However, conditional fee arrangements providing for a bonus in the case of successful litigation are permitted if the base fee for the attorney provides a reasonable income. Moreover, such an agreement needs to be made at the start of the matter or after the matter is concluded. Party costs and court fees are calculated according to cantonal statutory rules and depend on the value in dispute.

Parties usually finance litigation privately. If successful, a party can recover costs from its opponent. Cost calculations are based on cantonal statutory tariffs and may not fully cover actual expenses.

There are a few third-party funding providers in Switzerland and their services are becoming increasingly popular. Their services usually involve handing over a share of the claimed amount in successful proceedings. Such services are permitted as long as the attorney remains independent and free from influence in the execution of his/her mandate. Further, the lawyer is not allowed to participate in the funding. The Supreme Court has found that informing a client about the options of third-party funding can form part of the diligent performance of their mandate.

31. Does the unsuccessful party have to pay the successful party's costs? How does the tribunal usually calculate any costs award and what factors does it consider?

Cost allocation

Since the parties are free to choose a set of arbitration rules to govern the resolution of their conflict, typically the arbitration rules will contain rules on the allocation of costs. The Swiss Rules for instance provide that the costs of the arbitration shall in principle be borne by the unsuccessful party. However, the arbitral tribunal can apportion any of the costs of the arbitration among the parties if it determines that such apportionment is reasonable, taking into account the circumstances of the case (Article 40(1), Swiss Rules).

Under the Swiss Rules, the costs for a party's legal counsel will be reimbursed in the final award to the extent such costs were claimed during the arbitral proceedings, and to the degree the arbitral tribunal deems the amount to be reasonable

Cost calculation and factors considered

Tribunals will frequently take into account the claim amount, the complexity of the matter and the duration and stages of the proceedings (submissions, hearings, evidence procedure) when determining costs.

Enforcement of an award

Domestic awards

32. To what extent is an arbitration award made in your jurisdiction enforceable in the local courts?

Arbitral awards rendered by tribunals seated in Switzerland are enforced in the same way as judgments of Swiss state courts, meaning that they are automatically enforced and no additional exequatur (recognition procedure) is necessary.

Foreign awards

33. Is your jurisdiction party to international treaties relating to recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitration awards, such as the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (New York Convention)?

Foreign arbitral awards rendered by arbitral tribunals not seated in Switzerland will be recognised pursuant to the rules of the New York Convention (Article 194, PILA) or by another applicable treaty if that treaty is more favourable than the New York Convention (favor recognitionis). One such treaty is the 1965 Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (ICSID).

34. To what extent is a foreign arbitration award enforceable?

In principle, all foreign arbitration awards are enforceable in Switzerland as long as their content is not contrary to public policy and the other safeguarding provisions of the New York Convention (Article V, New York Convention) have been adhered to.

The enforcement procedure is governed by the CCP and summary in nature, adjudged by the court at the place of residence or incorporation of the defendant, the place where the award shall be enforced or where it was issued, which would not be applicable in instances of foreign awards.

35. What is the limitation period applicable to actions to enforce international arbitration awards rendered outside your jurisdiction?

How long a party can wait with lodging its enforcement application in Switzerland is primarily an issue of the substantive law applicable to the dispute and the validity that such law gives to an arbitral award. Under Swiss law, an arbitration award is considered equivalent to a state court judgment. As such, Swiss law provides that obligations cast in a court judgment maintain their validity for ten years from their rendering.

Length of enforcement proceedings

36. How long do enforcement proceedings in the local court take, from the date of filing the application to the date when the first instance court makes its final order? Is there an expedited procedure?

As noted, enforcement proceedings are reasonably quick and uniform. Once seized with an application request for enforcement, the court will notify the counterparty about the pending request and set the respondent a short deadline to lodge a submission on the admissibility.

The arguments that the counterparty can bring against the enforcement are limited to reasons that can halt the enforcement such as payment, an agreed deferment of enforcement, lapsing of the obligation owing the statute of limitations or forfeiture of the right to due performance. Deferment and statute of limitation arguments must be supported by documentary evidence.

Reform

37. Are any changes to the law currently under consideration or being proposed?

Draft proposals for the additions to Chapter 12 of the PILA (see Question 2) primarily aim to codify existing Swiss jurisprudence in international arbitration and to make the regime even more arbitration-friendly while maintaining the main rules and leaving most of the content to the parties discretion.

The proposal includes the following features:

  • The option for parties to approach the state court directly for the granting of interim measures, without needing to approach the tribunal first.
  • Permitting appeals to be formulated in English.
  • An obligation by the arbitrators to make transparent any reasons that might question their objectivity and independence.
  • A formal requirement on parties to invoke breaches of the arbitration rules immediately on becoming aware of such transgressions (and not saving them for later). The deadline for an appeal will be included in an express provision, thus avoiding the need for foreign parties to consult other domestic sources of law for this information.
  • The inclusion of an instrument of revision of an arbitral award. The additions will also include the right of a party to request a revision if it comes across circumstances at a later stage that give rise to valid reasons to decline an arbitrator that acted in the arbitration.
  • More detailed provisions on the procedure applicable to the challenges and removals of arbitrators.
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